In 1982 Avalon Hill hired some of the design staff from Simulations Publications, Inc. ( SPI ), which had just been bought by TSR, Inc, and formed them into a subsidiary company, Victory Games.

He found that many sales representatives, previously independently commissioned by SPI, had no idea they were still representing the company and some didn't even realize the company was still in operation, as no one had been in touch with them for several years.

: TSR sent out a press release announcing that they had taken over SPI.

SPI had immediate, timely data telling it precisely what its most valued customers thought.

SPI estimated that 250, 000 people in North America had ever bought a wargame based on the total number of games sold by all companies to date, and felt that its subscribers probably owned a disproportionate share of those games.

And SPI had its finger on their pulse through the feedback system in S & T.

SPI unfortunately had no assets to its name when the takeover occurred, but there were over 1, 000 subscribers who had made a significant payment ( in c. 1978 terms ) for a " lifetime subscription " to S & T, meaning that they were entitled to all future issues without any further payment.

TSR continued making games, hoping to recoup its investment in SPI ( another reason was the enthusiasm of some staff members for wargaming ), but despite a healthier distribution chain than SPI had enjoyed, its wargame line was never successful.

Meanwhile, he had founded his own company, Simulations Publications Inc. ( SPI ), which issued games and published the magazine Strategy & Tactics.

This advertising campaign led to a much larger subscriber base and SPI came to be seen as a serious competitor to Avalon Hill, the company that had founded the board wargaming hobby.

While S & T had started as a wargaming ' fanzine ', under SPI it became more of a military history magazine that included a wargame.

The SPI company published the first eleven bimonthly issues ( and had prepared a twelfth ) before financial difficulties led to the company being bought out by TSR in 1982.

German-style games are generally simpler than the wargames that flourished in the 1970s and 1980s from publishers such as SPI and Avalon Hill, but nonetheless often have a considerable depth of play, especially in some " gamers ' games " such as Tigris and Euphrates and Caylus.

In order to effectively utilize the entire range of available LPI in a halftone system, an image selected for printing generally must have 1. 5 to 2 times as many samples per inch ( SPI ).

Under SPI, S & T started including a new game in every issue of the magazine, which along with the regular games SPI was publishing vastly increased the number of wargames available.

( SPI, 1973 )-along with Patrol, the first Man to Man wargames where game pieces depicted a single soldier.

By the time of the buyout in 1982, SPI was selling, it is estimated, some 60-70 % of all wargames in the world.

Simulations Publications, Inc. ( SPI ) was an influential American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship Strategy & Tactics, in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as War in the East, War in the Pacific, The Next War, Terrible Swift Sword and Campaign for North Africa, each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rulebooks.

A wargaming enthusiast since high school, Grubb began playing Avalon Hill wargames and later got interested in playing Panzerblitz, Blitzkrieg, and Frigate from Simulations Publications, Inc. ( SPI ).

Moves was a wargaming magazine originally published by SPI ( Simulations Publications, Inc .), who also published manual wargames.

The most important of these were undoubtedly Strategy & Tactics, and the company founded to save it from failing: Simulations Publications, Inc. ( SPI ).

The historical articles were of the highest quality, and quite unlike anything being published in the historical magazines of the period, since SPI, befitting its gaming orientation, tried to quantify almost everything, providing copious tables of comparative data on, for instance, the merits of World War II-era tanks.

This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game.

SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical ( e. g. World War III, Invasion: America ), and a little later, also tackled fantasy and science fiction subjects, such as Starforce: Alpha Centauri and War of the Ring ( a Lord of the Rings game ), eventually starting a new magazine, Ares which, like S & T, included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue.

SPI went bankrupt in 1982 and its assets — but not its debts and liabilities — were acquired by TSR in 1983.

In addition to the Avalon Hill sequels, there were several PanzerBlitz-style games that Dunnigan designed for SPI: Combat Command, Panzer ' 44, and Mech War ' 77.

Likewise, VTLs were developed supporting popular SCSI transport protocols such as SPI ( legacy systems ), Fibre Channel, and iSCSI.

Features of the modern 8051 include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, built-in external RAM, extra internal program storage, bootloader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, I²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, CAN or LIN bus, PWM generators, analog comparators, A / D and D / A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes.

It also published games more frequently than staid Avalon Hill, which stayed with its two-a-year schedule of releases for a long time, even after SPI published games monthly in its house magazine Strategy & Tactics, as well as stand-alone games.

The SPI bus can operate with a single master device and with one or more slave devices.

Generally, the greater the SPI of a scanner, the more detailed its reproduction of the scanned object.

Typical consumer-level flatbed scanners are capable of optical resolution ranging from 100 to 2400 SPI ; high-end scanners may have an optical resolution of 4800 SPI or more.

Using fewer SPI than this would not make full use of the printer's available LPI ; using more SPI than this would exceed the capability of the printer, and would be effectively lost.

This includes new features like: Initial multi-tenancy support, Introduction of ServiceRegistry ( which is a major change in how Hibernate builds and manages " services "), Clean up of Session opening from SessionFactory, Improved integration via org. hibernate. integrator. spi. Integrator and auto discovery, Improved logging with i18n support and message codes, Initial work on more clear split between API, SPI and implementation classes, Clean up of deprecated methods, classes, etc.

* SPI / INTEGRAL more information on SPI the spectrometer for INTEGRAL

The term SPI may also refer to a set of low-rate serial communications protocols, not related to optical communications, usually used for transferring data between devices on a printed circuit board ; more information may be found here: Serial Peripheral Interface.

Of more recent times, the AT89 series has been augmented with 8051-cored special function microcontrollers, specifically in the areas of USB, I²C ( two wire interface ), SPI and CAN bus controllers, MP3 decoders and hardware PWM.

SPI sometimes published games exploring hypothetical — sometimes seemingly far-fetched — conflicts such as warfare in the United States following an all-out nuclear war, or what might happen if the Soviet Union and / or the People's Republic of China attempted to invade the United States under some set of circumstances.

Additionally, it specifies a service provider interface ( SPI ) that allows directory service implementations to be plugged into the framework.

SPI agreed to be taken over by TSR, for no cash money.

Even if a microcontroller lacks the SPI feature, the feature can be emulated by bit banging.

In May 1983 Cole changed the name of the SPI holding company to be Ashton Tate, which put the company in the position of having a mail order company " Discount Software " and " Software Distributors " as subsidiaries.

Devices without tri-state outputs can't share SPI bus segments with other devices ; only one such slave could talk to the master, and only its chip select could be activated.

Like many new wargame companies in the early ' 70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically.

SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of S & T as to which games they would be interested in seeing ( and buying ).

A number of former SPI games ( many of them magazine games originally published in Strategy and Tactics ) can be played online using software from HexWar, which licenses the rights from Decision Games.

hSPI is the horizontal SPI ( can be considered the same as vSPI if not specified specifically )

For instance, if the target output device is capable of printing at 100 LPI, an optimal range for a source image would be 150 to 200 SPI.

The SPI symbols are loosely based on the Möbius loop symbol, but feature simpler bent ( rather than folded over ) arrows that can be embossed on plastic surfaces without loss of detail.

SPI 4. 2 supports a data width of 16 bits and can be PHY-link, link-link, link-PHY or PHY-PHY connection.

To determine if a plastic water bottle can be recycled, locate the SPI code on the bottle ( usually on the bottom of your bottle inside what appears to be a ' recycling ' triangle ) and dispose of the bottle accordingly.

The air traffic controller can request the pilot to ident, and when the identity control is activated, the SPI bit will be added to the reply for about 20 seconds ( two to four rotations of the interrogator antenna ) thereby highlighting the track on the controllers display.