Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL.

In Sweden, Codd's paper was also read and Mimer SQL was developed from the mid-70s at Uppsala University.

Although SQL was originally intended for end-users, it is much more common for SQL queries to be embedded into software that provides an easier user interface.

XQuery was primarily conceived as a database query language in the tradition of SQL.

As the two technologies are very different, the solution was to create an abstraction layer, insulating developers from writing the low-level procedural code ( SQL ) specific to each data source.

Software company Ashton-Tate was ready to release their dBase IV database manipulation program, but pushed the release date back to add support for SQL.

While working at IBM he was involved in technical planning and design for the IBM products SQL / DS and DB2.

It was never widely used and essentially disappeared soon after the division was shut down in 1985, possibly because IBM and other companies settled on SQL as the standard.

Developers of the famous System R underway in the US at the same time were also consulted on certain matters concerning the engine, but the BS12 team rejected SQL unequivocally, being convinced that this apparently unsound and difficult-to-use language ( which at that time was also relationally incomplete ) would never catch on.

Another feature that could have easily been included in SQL systems was the support for update operations on the catalog tables ( system tables describing the structure of the database, as in SQL ).

In addition, BS12 was ahead of SQL in supporting user-defined functions and procedures, using a computationally complete sublanguage, triggers, and a simple " call " interface for use by application programs, all in its very first release in 1982.

Its first commercial product was SQL / DS, released in 1981.

In 2006, PostGIS was registered as " implements the specified standard " for " Simple Features for SQL " by the OGC.

The SQL communications area ( SQLCA ) structure was once used exclusively within a DB2 program to return error information to the application program after every SQL statement was executed.

ODBC was originally developed by Microsoft during the early 1990s, and became the basis for the Call Level Interface ( CLI ) standardized by SQL Access Group in the Unix and mainframe world.

Additionally, as the SQL language had only rudimentary programming features, it was often desired to use SQL within a program written in another language, say Fortran or C. This led to the concept of Embedded SQL, which allowed SQL code to be " embedded " within another language.

A database is not generally portable across different DBMS, but different DBMSs can inter-operate to some degree by using standards like SQL and ODBC together to support a single application built over more than one database.

The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in SQL, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model since it violates several fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance.

( SQL is an example of such a data sub-language, albeit one that Codd regarded as seriously flawed.

However, it is possible to create a database conforming to the relational model using SQL if one does not use certain SQL features.

: The order of columns in an SQL table is defined and significant, one consequence being that SQL's implementations of Cartesian product and union are both noncommutative.

: SQL requires every table to have at least one column, but there are two relations of degree zero ( of cardinality one and zero ) and they are needed to represent extensions of predicates that contain no free variables.

Turing completeness in SQL is implemented through advanced standard features, illustrating one reason relatively powerful non-Turing-complete languages are rare: the more powerful the language is initially, the more complex are the tasks to which it is applied and the sooner its lack of completeness becomes perceived as a drawback, encouraging its extension until it is Turing complete.

No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to directly execute SQL commands.

Like the different varieties of SQL, the Embedded SQL's that used them varied widely, not only from platform to platform, but even across languages on a single platform-a system that allowed calls into IBM's DB2 would look entirely different than one that called into their own SQL / DS.

Whereas SQL retrieves data sets from a relational database ( RDBMS ), with dBase one can more easily manipulate, format, analyze and perform calculations on individual records, strings, numbers, and so on in a step-by-step imperative ( procedural ) way instead of trying to figure out how to use SQL's declarative operations.

First released in 1987, a second version in 1989 added the ability to run queries in parallel, and the product became fairly famous for being one of the few systems that scales almost linearly with the number of processors in the machine: adding a second CPU to an existing NonStop SQL server will almost exactly double its performance.

Programmers can also use the DBI and DBD modules indirectly using one of the object-relational mappers available for Perl, such as DBIx :: Class, for more database-independent code with no need to write SQL.

Version 1. 7, released November 2006, makes full use of database abstraction so that installers can choose one from many types of database servers such as Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.

ADABAS has maintained its position as one of the world's fastest OLTP databases, offering 24x7 functioning, Parallel Sysplex support, real-time replication capability, SQL and XML access and other leading edge capabilities.

SQL Injection Attack ( SQLIA ) is considered one of the top 10 web application vulnerabilities of 2007 and 2010 by the Open Web Application Security Project.

In fact, the transition " from proprietary databases to standardized database management systems such as Oracle ... and SQL " has arguably had one of the biggest impacts on how data is managed and exchanged in laboratories.

The product saw one more name change before gaining its current moniker, called SQL * Forms version 2 with the Oracle 5 database.

The SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of records from one or more tables.

An SQL INSERT statement adds one or more records to any single table in a relational database.

An SQL UPDATE statement changes the data of one or more records in a table.

* January 1 – Minimum date value for a datetime field in SQL Server ( up to version 2005 ) due to it being the first full year after Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar.

When IBM released its first relational database product, they wanted to have a commercial-quality sublanguage as well, so it overhauled SEQUEL and renamed the basically new language ( System Query Language ) SQL to differentiate it from SEQUEL.

At the first meeting there was considerable debate over whether or not the effort should work solely on the SQL language itself, or attempt a wider standardization which included a dynamic SQL language-embedding system as well, what they called a Call Level Interface ( CLI ).

The worm was made possible by a software security vulnerability in SQL Server first reported by Microsoft on July 24, 2002.

However, in terms of who first alerted the general public, this can be attributed to Michael Bacarella who posted a message to the Bugtraq security mailing list entitled " MS SQL WORM IS DESTROYING INTERNET BLOCK PORT 1434 !".

The SQL Slammer worm was the first observed example of a Warhol worm.

In 1986 Tandem introduced the first fault-tolerant SQL database, NonStop SQL.

Later, the SQL database group was first co-opted and then absorbed into Microsoft's SQL development effort.

* COALESCE, a SQL command that selects the first non-null from a range of values

System R was a seminal project: it was the first implementation of SQL, which has since become the standard relational data query language.

Oracle Forms 3 was character-based, and by using PL / SQL was the first real version of Forms.

In late 1993, Snodgrass first presented this work to the group responsible for the American National Standard for Database Language SQL, ANSI Technical Committee X3H2 ( now known as NCITS H2 ).

It was the first to use an industry standard SQL database ( as opposed to a proprietary one ), and also the first to use the new GUI PC for the user interface.

In spite of its relative ease of use and ability to create useful forms and reports, the first R: Base did not have a conventional programming language, but instead relied on SQL statements to accept input and produce output.

For the first time new members could sign-up securely online, pay by credit card and complete their inputs to the SQL database directly.

The data may be represented differently in different systems and may need to be transformed to a common format to be compared, e. g., one system may store customer name in a single Name field as ' Doe, John Q ', while another in three different fields: First_Name ( John ), Last_Name ( Doe ) and Middle_Name ( Quality ); to compare the two, the validation engine would have to transform data from the second system to match the data from the first, for example, using SQL: Last_Name || ', ' || First_Name || substr ( Middle_Name, 1, 1 ) would convert the data from the second system to look like the data from the first ' Doe, John Q '

It has since been superseded for general use, however, first by Microsoft Desktop Engine ( MSDE ), then later by SQL Server Express.