Saponins extracted from the drupe of Sapindus species are effective surfactants and are used commercially in cosmetics and detergents.

Saponins are indeed found in many plants, and derive their name from the soapwort plant ( genus Saponaria, family Caryophyllaceae ), the root of which was used historically as a soap.

Saponins are also found in the botanical family Sapindaceae, with its defining genus Sapindus ( soapberry or soapnut ), and in the closely related families Aceraceae ( maples ) and Hippocastanaceae ( horse chestnuts ; ref.

Saponins are being promoted commercially as dietary supplements and nutriceuticals.

Saponins are much more toxic to some other animals than they are to humans.

Saponins were found in Sweet William, but there has been little followup.

*** Saponins ( plant steroids, often glycosylated )

Saponins from the Gypsophila paniculata ( baby ’ s breath ) plant have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.

Saponins have historically been understood to be plant-derived, but they have also been isolated from marine organisms.

Saponins have also been used as adjuvants in vaccines.

* Other uses of Quillaja Saponins and derived products, some works of different authors.

Saponins presumably serve as an irritant when the spines pierce a predator, in the same way as they do when they pierce the skin of humans.

Saponins have an unpleasant taste.

Saponins lower the surface tension of water allowing the formation of bubbles.

Saponins lower the surface tension of water allowing the formation of bubbles.

Winter cress contains different Glucosinolates, Flavonoids and Saponins.

Saponins were also used to foam machine-aerated baths.

Class 2, stations operating on clear channels are required to cease operation or operate under nighttime restrictions beginning either at local sunset ( for daytime class 2, stations ) or sunset at the location of the dominant class 1, station where located west of the class 2, station ( for limited-time class 2, stations ).

The same restrictions apply after local sunset in the case of class 3, stations operating on regional channels, which after that time are required to operate under nighttime restrictions in order to protect each other.

The class 1, stations on these clear channels are protected to their 0.1-mv./m. groundwave contours against daytime cochannel interference.

With respect to skywave service rendered at night, class 1, -- A stations are the only stations permitted to operate in the United States on clear channels specified for class 1, -- A operation, and so render skywave service free from cochannel interference whereever they may be received ; ;

class 1, -- B stations are protected at night to their 0.5-mv./m. 50-percent time skywave contours against cochannel interference.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

With respect to other frequencies, these are designated as regional or local, and assigned for use by class 3, and class 4, stations, respectively, stations operating generally with lower power.

On the remainder of the clear channels, the dominant ( class 1 ) -- B stations are protected as described above, and the relatively small number of secondary ( class 2 ) ) stations permitted to operate on these channels at night are required to operate directionally and/or with reduced power so as to protect the class 1, stations.

Such additional daytime class 2, assignments are appropriate if optimum use is to be made of these frequencies, and the Commission has over the years made a large number of them.

The few cases of clear favoritism along social-class lines are as likely as not to involve representatives of the working class on the school board who favor some such practice as higher wages for janitors rather than pay increases for teachers, and such issues are not issues of educational policy.

They are mostly upper-middle- and lower-middle-class people, with a few in the upper class.

However, there are relatively few such political constituencies, and, as has been pointed out, there is seldom a clear-cut distinction between the educational interests of one social class and those of another.

Like the other policy-making groups, these are middle class in their educational attitudes, and they attempt to act in the general public interest, as they see it.

Thus, during any given year ( A ) if the revenues from the residential service are $7,000,000, ( B ) if the operating expenses imputed to this class of service come to $5,000,000, and ( C ) if the net investment in ( or value of ) the plant and equipment deemed devoted to this service amounts to $30,000,000, the cost analyst will report that residential service, in the aggregate, has yielded a return of $2,000,000 or 6-2/3 per cent.

chemical studies are being pursued with the cooperation of K.G. Untch.

In this publication measurements of interfacial angles of crystals are used to classify and identify chemical substances.

The chief factors responsible for the spoilage of fresh foodstuffs are ( 1 ) microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts, ( 2 ) enzymes, ( 3 ) insects, ( 4 ) sprouting, and ( 5 ) chemical reactions.

No chemical fertilizers and poisonous insecticides and fungicides are used ''.

Alkanes ( also known as paraffins or saturated hydrocarbons ) are chemical compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are bonded exclusively by single bonds ( i. e., they are saturated compounds ) without any cycles ( or loops ; i. e., cyclic structure ).

Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions common to all acids.

The alkali metals are a group of chemical elements in the periodic table with very similar properties: they are all shiny, soft, silvery, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge + 1.

Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ), which is likely to be the next member of the group, but they have all met with failure .< ref name =" link "> However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements.

Although the neutral ground-state chemical compounds of argon are presently limited to HArF, argon can form clathrates with water when atoms of it are trapped in a lattice of the water molecules.

Actinium has similar chemical properties as lanthanum and other lanthanides, and therefore these elements are difficult to separate when extracting from uranium ores.

" While chemical issues in the brain that result in anxiety ( especially resulting from genetics ) are well documented, this study highlights an additional environmental factor that may result from being raised by parents suffering from chronic anxiety.

The chemical structures of the 22 standard amino acids, along with their chemical properties, are described more fully in the article on these proteinogenic amino acids.

Its chemical and physical properties are so similar to that of natural amethyst that it can not be differentiated with absolute certainty without advanced gemnological testing ( which is often cost-prohibitive ).

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents.

Its chemical composition makes it difficult to match the amber to its producers – it is most similar to the resins produced by flowering plants ; however, there are no flowering plant fossils until the Cretaceous, and they were not common until the Upper Cretaceous.

Using the Debye model, the specific heat and entropy of a pure crystal are proportional to T < sup > 3 </ sup >, while the enthalpy and chemical potential are proportional to T < sup > 4 </ sup >.

A key concept in thermodynamics, many rapid chemical and physical processes are described or approximated in this way.

Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials — for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones — are produced solely by chemical synthesis.