* Sarkel, a fortress in Russia renamed in 965 A. D. to Belaya Vezha ( White Tower )

* Belaya Vezha, Russia – the Khazar fortress of Sarkel ( White Tower ) on the Don River, Russia

The chief engineer during the construction of Sarkel was Petronas Kamateros ( Πετρωνᾶς Καματηρός ) who later became the governor of Cherson.

Sarkel ( or Sharkil, literally white house in Khazar language ) was a large limestone-and-brick fortress built by the Khazars with Byzantine assistance in the 830s.

It was named white-house because of the white limestone bricks they have used to build Sarkel.

Sarkel was located on the left bank of the lower Don River, in present-day Rostov Oblast of Russia.

Sarkel was built to protect the north-western border of the Khazar state in 833.

Alexander Vasiliev and George Vernadsky, among others, argue that Sarkel was built to defend a vital portage between the Don and the Volga from the Rus ' Khaganate.

The capital of the Khazars was named Sarkel, which points markedly towards an Oghuric language, as the etymon connected to * sar-means ' white ' only in Chuvash, while ' yellow ' in the Common Turkic languages.

It was located west of the Volga River and north of Sarkel, probably in the present-day Penza Oblast.

The site of the Khazar fortress of Sarkel, which was discovered and excavated by Artamonov in the 1930s.

In his later writings, he expounded a controversial hypothesis of Azov Rus, which was alleged to have been centered on Sarkel and Tmutarakan.

Khazars built Sarkel to entrench themselves against the attacks of the Hungarians.

Constantine Porphyrogenitus records in his work De Administrando Imperio that the Khazars asked the Emperor Teophilos to have the fortress of Sarkel built for them.

The Khazars built the fortress of Sarkel to guard a key portage between the Volga and the Don.

Constantine Porphyrogenitus records in his work “ On Administering the Empire ” that the Khagan and the Bek of the Khazars asked the Emperor Teophilos to have the fortress of Sarkel built for them.

Sviatoslav I of Kiev defeated them in 965 by conquering the Khazar fortress of Sarkel.

However, the author has a sympathetic view of the Khazars and presents the stories of King Bulan's conversion by Yitzhak ha-Sangari, King Obadiah's Jewish renaissance, and Svyatoslav's conquest of Sarkel in a mostly truthful manner.

The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel.

The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel.

Among many Khazar and Rus items, Artamonov discovered Byzantine columns used in the construction of Sarkel.

* The Khazar fortress of Sarkel falls to the Kievan Rus.

The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages.

In 833 Emperor Theophilus sent the nobleman Petronas Kamateros, who had recently overseen the construction of the Khazar fortress of Sarkel, to take direct control over the city and its environs, establishing the theme of Klimata / Cherson.

Story about Rus '- Khazar relations in the 10th century, including conflicts with Svyatoslav's soldiers in the Volga and at Sarkel, with some imaginary dialogs.

He excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements ( most famously, the Khazar fortress of Sarkel ), and published a hefty monograph ( Istoriya Khazar ) on Khazars in 1962.

Under the waters lies the ancient Khazar fortress town of Sarkel.

A garrison fortified at Sarkel included Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries.

* Sarkel on Khazaria. com

Along the way the protagonists fight alongside the army of Sviatoslav I of Kiev at the battle of Sarkel.

German words with umlaut would further be alphabetized as if there were no umlaut at all — contrary to Turkish which allegedly adopted the German graphemes ö and ü, and where a word like tüfek, " gun ", would come after tuz, " salt ", in the dictionary.

These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Turkish alphabet of Latin origin.

The Turkish word Mart is given after the name of Mars the god.

This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara (" iron ") via a modified version * čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with-ür replacing-r due to the Turkish vowel harmony ( hence babr → babür ).

The word Cholistan is derived from the Turkish word Chol, which means Desert.

For example, in German dictionaries the word ökonomisch comes between offenbar and olfaktorisch, while Turkish dictionaries treat o and ö as different letters, placing oyun before öbür.

Some 19th-century authors connected this word with ‘ mad, crazy ’, and erroneously compared the Turkish word with and ( cf.

The word's origin is the Turkish word Yurt or Vatan which means land with the Turkish word Ana which means mother attached to it as a prefix.

For example, the words preservative ( English ), préservatif ( French ), Präservativ ( German ), prezervativ ( Romanian, Czech, Croatian ), preservativ ( Slovenian ), preservativo ( Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ), prezerwatywa ( Polish ), презерватив " prezervativ " ( Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian ), prezervatif ( Turkish ), præservativ ( Danish ), prezervatyvas ( Lithuanian ), Prezervatīvs ( Latvian ) and preservatiu ( Catalan ) are all derived from the Latin word praeservativum.

The pages of the Italian manuscript are framed in an Islamic style, and contain chapter rubrics and margin notes in ungrammatical Arabic ; with an occasional Turkish word, and many Turkish syntactical features.

( Note: The Turkish word " ocak " has the double meaning of home and fireplace, like the Spanish " hogar ".

The same applies to the word ay in the Turkish equivalent, balayı.

The English word " jackal " derives from Persian, via Turkish çakal, ultimately from Sanskrit.

In Turkish, " Jonah fish " ( in Turkish yunus baligi ) is the word used for dolphin, often shortened to just yunus.

In Turkish, the word " love " comes up with several meanings.

The Turkish word Mart is given after the name of Mars the god.

The Arabic word found as ḥuzn and ḥazan in the Qur ' an and hüzün in modern Turkish refers to the pain and sorrow over a loss, death of relatives in the case of the Qur ' an.