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Scientists observing the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 at Bikini Atoll named that transitory cloud a " Wilson cloud " because of its similarity to a Wilson cloud chamber ; the cloud chamber uses condensation from a rapid pressure drop to mark the tracks of electrically charged subatomic particles.
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Scientists and Operation
( see also Operation Blossom, Broomstick Scientists, Hermes project, Operations Sandy and Pushover )
Scientists and nuclear
Scientists who have opposed nuclear weapons include Linus Pauling and Eugene Rabinowitch.
* Union of Concerned Scientists, Concerns re: US nuclear reactor program
* Robert S. Norris & Hans M. Kristensen, " U. S. nuclear forces, 2009 ", Nuclear Notebook, " Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists "
* Time for a nuclear entente cordiale, Lorna Arnold Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, September / October 2005
Scientists in the United States from the Manhattan Project had warned that, in time, the Soviet Union would certainly develop nuclear capabilities of its own.
NRDC has also published a number of studies on nuclear weapon stockpiles around the world, both as monographs and as individual studies in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
The Union of Concerned Scientists advocacy group points out that, at the Nevada Test Site, the depth required to contain fallout from an average-yield nuclear test was over 100 meters, depending upon the weapon's yield.
According to the Federation of American Scientists, during the Cold War FEMA prepared assessments of the likely consequences of a full-scale Soviet nuclear attack on the United States for use in planning mitigation and recovery efforts.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nontechnical online magazine that covers global security and public policy issues, especially related to the dangers posed by nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists sought to educate citizens, policy makers, scientists, and journalists by providing non-technical, scientifically sound and policy-relevant information about nuclear weapons and other global security issues.
* Norris, Robert S. and Kristensen, Hans M., " North Korea ’ s nuclear program, 2005 ", " The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May / June 2005
Iwo Jima appears to be one of a number of Japanese islands which has been used by the United States to host nuclear arms, according to Robert S. Norris, William M. Arkin, and William Burr writing for the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists in early 2000.
Scientists on both sides of the conflict were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon, but at the time no one was quite sure how it could be done.
Scientists discovered that an atomic bomb based on uranium would require at least 80 % pure uranium-235, otherwise the presence of uranium-238 would quickly curtail the nuclear chain reaction.
* Russian nuclear forces 2005, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March / April 2005.
He helped fund the nuclear nonproliferation group, Federation of American Scientists, and served as its first chairman and executive secretary.
According to Jungmin Kang writing in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, " Because of the post-1998 ' Sunshine policy ', many South Korean nongovernmental organizations and the public weren't concerned about North Korea's threats, believing that Pyongyang would never use nuclear weapons against them.
Scientists from LANL and VNIIEF have cooperated on various arms control and nuclear safeguards programs, under which the Los Alamos scientists learned, to their amusement, that their Russian colleagues paid homage to their American rivals by irreverently calling their own laboratory " Los Arzamas.
" One month after the election of Ronald Reagan, Feld being an editor of ' Bulletin of the American Atomic Scientists ' reported that his publication had decided to move the hands on the Doomsday Clock featured on its cover from seven to four minutes to midnight, because, as ' the year drew to a close, the world seemed to be moving unevenly but inexorably closer to nuclear disaster ' ".
In 1977, the UCS sponsored a " Scientists ' Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race " calling for an end to nuclear weapons tests and deployments in the United States and Soviet Union.
According to the Federation of American Scientists, a renowned organization for assessing nuclear weapon stockpiles, Russia possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction in the world.
* Nuclear Notebook: Russian nuclear forces, 2006, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March / April 2006.
China is estimated by the Federation of American Scientists to have an arsenal of about 180 active nuclear weapon warheads and 240 total warheads as of 2009, which would make it the second smallest nuclear arsenal amongst the five major nuclear weapon states.
Scientists and tests
Scientists at Liverpool University in England performed genetic tests on three eggs that collapsed after being moved to an incubator, and verified that Flora had never been in physical contact with a male dragon.
Scientists concluded after the tests were completed that a large release of anthrax spores would thoroughly pollute German cities, rendering them uninhabitable for decades afterwards.
Scientists often use respirometry tests for aerobic microbes.
Scientists and governments state that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and that animal tests should only be performed where necessary.
Scientists have been known to fool themselves with statistics due to lack of knowledge of probability theory and lack of standardization of their tests.
Scientists and 1946
On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same-to agitate for the international control of atomic energy and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research.
Scientists first discovered that DNA can transfer between organisms in 1946.
The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists ( ECAS ) was founded by Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd in 1946.
After the war Wilson also helped form the Federation of American Scientists and served as its chairman in 1946.
In 1946 he was among the supporters of Albert Einstein's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.
* British Atomic Scientists Association, founded in 1946
Once the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 became law, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists released an analysis revealing the propositions contained within the scope of the legislation on September 1, 1946.
Scientists first discovered that DNA naturally transfers between organisms in 1946.
Scientists and at
Scientists have discovered the longest underground river in the world, in Brazil, running for a length of 6, 000 km at a depth of nearly 4 km.
Distinguished Engineers and Distinguished Scientists have at least 15 years of membership who " have made a significant impact on the computing field ".
Category: Scientists at Bell Labs
Category: Scientists at Bell Labs
Scientists hypothesize that the K – Pg extinctions were caused by one or more catastrophic events, including at least one asteroid impact ( especially the one that created the Chicxulub crater ) or increased volcanic activity.
Christian Scientists see themselves as practicing a well-defined process with a proven track record by means of the spiritualization of thought through prayer aimed at shedding the false beliefs of the mortal mind that manifest themselves as physical ailments.
Scientists experimenting in time travel choose him for their studies, and the man travels back in time to contact the mysterious woman, and discovers that the man's death at the Orly Airport was his own.
Category: Scientists at Bell Labs
The epitaph on his tombstone in Göttingen are the famous lines he spoke at the conclusion of his retirement address to the Society of German Scientists and Physicians in the fall of 1930.
The day before Hilbert pronounced these phrases at the 1930 annual meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, Kurt Gödel — in a roundtable discussion during the Conference on Epistemology held jointly with the Society meetings — tentatively announced the first expression of his incompleteness theorem.
Scientists at Xerox PARC made the distinction of design versus engineering at " moving minds " versus " moving atoms ".
Scientists at NASA and Penn State University published a paper in April 2011 addressing the question " Would contact with extraterrestrials benefit or harm humanity?
Scientists at the Earth Institute of Columbia University have analyzed data from 1950 to 2004 and suggest that ENSO may have had a role in 21 % of all civil conflicts since 1950, with the risk of annual civil conflict doubling from 3 % to 6 % in countries affected by ENSO during El Niño years relative to La Niña years.
Scientists contend that there is no evidence at all to support this last point of view, and it has come about because many people do not understand the concept of homeostasis.
Scientists have looked at the properties of giraffe skin when developing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots.
Scientists at the National Institutes of Health ( Bethesda, Maryland ) have successfully treated metastatic melanoma in two patients using killer T cells genetically retargeted to attack the cancer cells.
Scientists of the day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years.
Scientists at the GSI are planning to search for K-isomers in < sup > 270 </ sup > Hs using the reaction < sup > 226 </ sup > Ra (< sup > 48 </ sup > Ca, 4n ) in 2010.
The proposal that proteins were linear chains of α-amino acids was made nearly simultaneously by two scientists at the same conference in 1902, the 74th meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, held in Karlsbad.
* 2001: Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology clone first early ( four-to six-cell stage ) human embryos for the purpose of generating embryonic stem cells.
* October 2006: Scientists at Newcastle University in England create the first ever artificial liver cells using umbilical cord blood stem cells.
* January 2007: Scientists at Wake Forest University led by Dr. Anthony Atala and Harvard University report discovery of a new type of stem cell in amniotic fluid.
Scientists at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, and at grantee institutions across the country continue to explore the mechanisms that lead to the formation of syrinxes in the spinal cord.
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