Petrarch, for example, devoted much time to his Africa, a dactylic hexameter epic on Scipio Africanus, but this work was unappreciated in his time and remains little read today.

In the senate he opposed the young and ambitious Scipio Africanus, who wanted to carry the war to Africa.

In the aftermath of Cannae, Scipio Africanus crucified Roman deserters and had non-Roman deserters thrown to the beasts.

Their mother was a patrician named Cornelia Africana ; her father was Scipio Africanus.

Their parents had 12 children, but only one daughter ( who later married Scipio Africanus the Younger ) and two sons, Tiberius and Gaius, survived childhood.

Hadrian's forefathers came from Hadria, modern Atri, an ancient town of Picenum in Italy, but the family had settled in Italica in Hispania Baetica soon after its founding by Scipio Africanus.

Since the time of Scipio Africanus it had been fashionable among the Romans to be clean-shaven.

Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, but a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama.

Publius Cornelius Scipio, the consul who commanded the Roman force sent to intercept Hannibal, and Scipio Africanus ' father, had not expected Hannibal to make an attempt to cross the Alps, since the Romans were prepared to fight the war in Iberia.

In 203 BC, after nearly fifteen years of fighting in Italy, and with the military fortunes of Carthage rapidly declining, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to direct the defense of his native country against a Roman invasion under Scipio Africanus.

Scipio Africanus.

* 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.

With his first large scale work, Africa, an epic in Latin about the great Roman general Scipio Africanus, Petrarch emerged as a European celebrity.

At the time, the general Scipio Africanus wanted to confront Hannibal, a plan “ strongly favored by the plebs ”.

Eventually, the war was taken to Africa, where Carthage was defeated at the Battle of Zama by Scipio Africanus.

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

In Hispania, a young Roman commander, Publius Cornelius Scipio ( later to be given the agnomen Africanus because of his feats during this war ), eventually defeated the larger but divided Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal and two other Carthaginian generals.

In Rome, by virtue of his high culture, Polybius was admitted to the most distinguished houses, in particular to that of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror in the Third Macedonian War, who entrusted Polybius with the education of his sons, Fabius and Scipio Aemilianus ( who had been adopted by the eldest son of Scipio Africanus ).

Also chronicled are the conflicts between Hannibal and Cornelius Publius Scipio Africanus such as the Battle of Ticinus, the Battle of the Trebia, the Siege of Saguntum, the Battle of Lilybaeum, and the Battle of Rhone Crossing.

In the meantime in Iberia, which served as the main source of manpower for the Carthaginian army, a second Roman expedition under Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major took New Carthage by assault and ended Carthaginian rule over Iberia in the battle of Ilipa.

The final showdown was the battle of Zama in Africa between Scipio Africanus and Hannibal, resulting in the latter's defeat and the imposition of harsh peace conditions on Carthage, which ceased to be a major power and became a Roman client-state.

* Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, conqueror of Carthage

* Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the surname " Africanus " in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage.

It was in these meetings at the Wood Plantation that he became an associated with Scipio Africanus Jones, John Bush, Chester W. Keatts, and John Hamilton McConico.

Once it undertook to organize the defense, it went to work vigorously, raising more than $ 50, 000 and hiring Scipio Africanus Jones, a highly respected African-American attorney from Arkansas, and Colonel George W. Murphy, a Confederate veteran, former Attorney General for the State of Arkansas and unsuccessful candidate for Governor on the Progressive Party ticket.

Just hours before Governor McRae left office, he contacted Scipio Jones to inform him that indefinite furloughs had been issued for the remaining defendants.

Within a month, Scipio Jones also obtained the release of the other defendants who had pled guilty or been convicted of lesser offenses.

Scipio Africanus Jones

Scipio Africanus Jones ( 3 August 1863 – 2 March 1943 ) was an African-American educator, attorney, judge, philanthropist, and Republican politician from the state of Arkansas.

Scipio Jones ' father was Dr. Sanford Reamey, Thresa's uncle.

Scipio Jones died in Little Rock, Arkansas on 2 March 1943 and was buried at Haven of Rest Cemetery.

* Dillard, Tom W., “ Scipio A. Jones ,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 31 ( Autumn 1972 ): 201-219

* Scipio Africanus Jones ( 1863 – 1943 ), African American educator, jurist, and politician

* Scipio Africanus Jones, African-American educator

Some slaves were brought to Bristol, from the Caribbean ; notable amongst these were Scipio Africanus, buried at Henbury and Pero Jones brought to Bristol by slave trader and plantation owner John Pinney.

Once it undertook to organize the defense it went to work vigorously, raising more than $ 50, 000 and hiring Scipio Africanus Jones, an African-American attorney from Little Rock, and Colonel George W. Murphy, a Confederate veteran, former Attorney-General for the State of Arkansas and unsuccessful candidate for Governor on the Progressive Party ticket.

Scipio was eventually given limited approval, despite continuous opposition from Fabius who blocked levies and restricted Scipio's access to troops.

Fabius wished to ensure that sufficient forces remained to defend Roman territory if Scipio was defeated.

Plutarch states that, when questioned by Scipio as to who was the greatest general, Hannibal is said to have replied either Alexander or Pyrrhus, then himself, or, according to another version of the event, Pyrrhus, Scipio, then himself.

Scipio was severely injured, his life only saved by the bravery of his son who rode back onto the field to rescue his fallen father.

Hannibal, by skillful maneuvers, was in position to head him off, for he lay on the direct road between Placentia and Arminum, by which Sempronius would have to march to reinforce Scipio.

Scipio and Carthage had worked out a peace plan, which was approved by Rome.

This was again improved on by Jethro Wood, a blacksmith of Scipio, New York, who made a three-part Scots Plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced.

When the Achaean hostages were released in 150 BC, Polybius was granted leave to return home, but the next year he went on campaign with Scipio Aemilianus to Africa, and was present at the capture of Carthage, which he later described.

The first Roman expedition to Iberia was unable to bring the Carthaginian troops in the hinterland of Massalia to a pitched battle, so it continued on its way to northern Iberia under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, a move which proved decisive for the outcome of the war.

At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Longus ( or, less frequently, year 536 Ab urbe condita ).

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Scipio ( or, less frequently, year 804 Ab urbe condita ).

At the time, it was known in the Roman Empire as the Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Scipio ( or, less frequently, year 809 Ab urbe condita ).

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Priscinus and Scipio ( or, less frequently, year 863 Ab urbe condita ).