Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

However some cavalry still served during the Second World War, notably in the Red Army, Italian Royal Army and the Polish Army.

Second, there were a few incidents when Polish cavalry was trapped by German tanks, and attempted to fight free.

After the Section of Prussians and Polish victory over the Teutonic Order, the city became part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia under the suzerainty of the Polish crown in the Second Peace of Thorn.

After World War I, most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic.

The tactics of guerrilla warfare were used successfully in the 20th century by — among others — the Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army and the OSS in Burma in World War II ; Mao Zedong and the People's Liberation Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

After the German invasion of Poland that marked the start of WWII in Europe, the Soviet Union invaded and annexed eastern parts of the Second Polish Republic.

The Second Polish Republic was established and existed from 1918 to 1939.

Last leaders of the Second Polish Republic | Republic: Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły and President Ignacy Mościcki in 1936

Statue of the Nurse-a statue in memory of women who fought for the Polish state during the Second World War and in battle for Kołobrzeg, the woman is based on Ewelina Nowak who died in 1945 in the city while trying to save a wounded soldier

His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army.

With the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466, the Teutonic Order came under the rule of the Polish crown.

After the war, the League of Nations held the East Prussian plebiscite on 11 July 1920 to determine if the people of the southern districts of East Prussia wanted to remain within East Prussia or to join the Second Polish Republic. The German side terrorized the local population before the plebiscite using violence, Polish organisations and activists were harassed by German militias, and those actions included attacks and murder of Polish activists ; Masurs who supported voting for Poland were singled out and subjected to terror and repressions

* 1918 – The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed in Poland.

In the second half of the 17th century and most of the eighteenth, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars ( and attendant military occupations, lootings and destruction ) – the Second and Third Northern Wars, the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years ' War and the Bar Confederation rebellion.

In the interwar Second Polish Republic, the city again became the capital of Poznań Voivodeship.

Both the Polish and Teutonic sides agreed to seek the confirmation of the Second Peace of Thorn from Emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II, but they also agreed that this confirmation would not be needed for validation of the treaty.

It further affected the German minority living within the territory of the former Second Polish Republic in Greater Poland, eastern Upper Silesia, Chełmno Land and the Polish Corridor with Danzig.

When the Treaty of Versailles granted most of former Royal Prussia to the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor in 1920, Pomesania remained in Germany as part of the exclave and province of East Prussia.

* 1846 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established.

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins ( Austria )# 2005 coinage | Euro coin commemorating 60 Years of the Second Republic of Austria, featuring Athena Promachos

Another recent example is the 60 Years of the Second Republic commemorative coin issued by Austria in 2005.

After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, and the legislative assemblies.

* 1952 – The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty ( Treaty of Taipei ) is signed in Taipei, Taiwan between Japan and the Republic of China to officially end the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Initially led by Canovas del Castillo as moderate prime minister, what was thought at one time as a coup aimed at placing the military in the political-administrative positions of power, in reality ushered in a permanent civilian regime tat lasted until the 1931 Second Republic.

When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, he fled and left Spain, but did not abdicate the throne.

The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic was much celebrated in the city on 14 April 1931.

In the Netherlands, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Germany, Scandinavia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Catalonia, 26 December is celebrated as the Second Christmas Day.

They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention ( which created the South African Republic in 1852 ), the Bloemfontein Convention ( which created the Orange Free State Republic in 1854 ), the Pretoria Convention ( which re-established the independence of the South African Republic 1881 ), the London Convention ( which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in 1884 ) and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty, which formally ended the Second Anglo-Boer War on 31 May 1902.

Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects.

* 218 BC – Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia – Hannibal's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Roman Republic.

* 1851 – French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte overthrows the Second Republic.

* 1931 – The Constituent Cortes approves the constitution which establishes the Second Spanish Republic.

* The Second Republic: 2012 -, Egypt need to strengthen the economy to exogenous shocks, improve productivity, competition, get out of the " informality trap ," invest in human capital via social protection from a human right-based approach to correct for market failures and build good trust in governance.

* 1848 – The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins.

* 2000 – Second Chechen War: Russia captures Grozny, Chechnya, forcing the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria government into exile.

With the defeat of the Imperial Army, the Second French Empire fell and the Third Republic was created.

Lieutenant Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, temporarily commanding the First Brigade around Accra, led a bloodless coup that ended the Second Republic in January 1972.

With Conté as president, the CMRN set about dismantling Touré's oppressive regime, abolishing the authoritarian constitution, dissolving the sole political party and its mass youth and women's organizations, and announcing the establishment of the Second Republic.

Second, the `` potato chip industry '' has caught the fancy of investors lately, and until Morton Foods came along there were only two potato chip stocks -- Frito and H. W. Lay -- on the market.

Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, although no international cricket was possible during the Second World War.

In the Jewish Deuterocanonical book Second Maccabees, Chapter 2, " one finds in the records " that Jeremiah, having received an oracle of the Lord, ordered that the tent and the ark and the altar of incense should follow him to the mountain of God where he sealed them up in a cave, and he told those who followed him in order to mark the way ( but they could not find it ) " The place shall remain unknown until God gathers his people together again and shows his mercy, and then the Lord will disclose these things, and the glory of the Lord and the cloud shall appear, as they were shown in the case of Moses, and as Solomon asked that the place be specially consecrated.

Other productions within Europe waited until the end of the Second World War, some notable ones being in January 1963 in London at Sadler's Wells Opera conducted by Colin Davis and in Berlin in September 1977 by the Komische Oper.

From the early Middle Ages until after the Second Vatican Council the sacrament was administered, within the Latin Church, only when death was approaching and, in practice, bodily recovery was not ordinarily looked for, giving rise, as mentioned above to the name " Extreme Unction " ( i. e. final anointing ).

Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war ; but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains, especially in the lands with a significant Bulgarian population occupied by neighbouring countries after the Second Balkan War and World War I.

He saw action in the First World War, where he was seriously wounded, and during the Second World War he commanded the Eighth Army from August 1942 in the Western Desert until the final Allied victory in Tunisia.

After the end of the Second World War, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960.

Because of the Jews ' rejection of Jesus, Jewish sovereignty over the promised earthly kingdom of Jerusalem and Palestine was postponed from the time of Christ's first coming until prior to or just after his Second Coming when most or all Jews will embrace him.

From the late 1950s until the early 1970s, Charlton remained a mainstay of the Second Division before relegation to the Third Division in 1972 caused the team's support to drop, and even a promotion in 1975 back to the second division did little to re-invigorate the team's support and finances.

The French Army maintained substantial cavalry forces in Algeria and Morocco from 1830 until the Second World War.

However, decolonisation outside the Americas lagged until after the Second World War.

He said: ' It will not be called until ten signs have appeared: Smoke, Dajjal Antichrist, the creature ( that will wound the people ), the rising of the sun in the West, the Second Coming of Jesus, the emergence of Gog and Magog, and three sinkings ( or cavings in of the earth ): one in the East, another in the West and a third in the Arabian Peninsula.

Importantly, Syracuse was granted nominal independent ally status for the lifetime of Hiero II, and was not incorporated into the Roman province of Sicily until after it was sacked by Marcus Claudius Marcellus during the Second Punic War.

It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the " Black Death " and lasted until 1750.

After Germany was united by Otto von Bismarck into the " Second German Reich ", he determined German politics until 1890.

The Sikhs were supported by the East India Company until they were defeated later by the British forces during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.

Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a " Second Industrial Revolution ", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert wrought iron into steel in large quantities.

At its core, the Tanakh is an account of the Israelites ' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple ( c. 535 BCE ).

In the 4th century BC Chios was a member of the Second Athenian Empire but revolted against Athens during the Social War ( 357 – 355 BC ) and Chios became independent again until the rise of Macedonia.

With the exception of the Kingdom of Iraq, which joined the League on 3 October 1932, these territories did not begin to gain their independence until after the Second World War, a process that did not end until 1990.