In December 2007, the U. S. District Court of Massachusetts settled a class-action lawsuit that involved Merck Serono and the drug Serostim.

The lawsuit claims that Merck Serono encouraged doctors to prescribe Serostim off-label for criteria that were not approved by the FDA.

Serono ( now EMD Serono ) introduced Saizen and Serostim and Serostim.

The settlement will pay consumers of Serostim who paid the full cash amount or a co-payment as part of their medical treatment.

Genetic engineering, using recombinant DNA, alters the genetic makeup of the animal for selected purposes, including producing therapeutic proteins in cows and goats.

The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the NIH published guidelines for working with recombinant DNA and recombinant organisms in the laboratory.

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification / manipulation ( GM ) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes.

Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA.

* DNA ligase III: complexes with DNA repair protein XRCC1 to aid in sealing DNA during the process of nucleotide excision repair and recombinant fragments.

DNA ligases have become an indispensable tool in modern molecular biology research for generating recombinant DNA sequences.

These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes.

This is called genetic engineering and was made possible through the discovery of DNA and the creation of the first recombinant DNA molecules by Paul Berg in 1972.

The new genes are introduced using recombinant DNA methods and gene transfer.

The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms.

An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism.

The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses ( sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors ) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes ( non-viral methods ).

Moreover, genetic engineering gives engineers the ability to directly manipulate the genetic materials of organisms using recombinant DNA techniques.

The first recombinant DNA molecule was created by Paul Berg in 1972 when he combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus.

Somatotropin ( STH ) refers to the growth hormone 1 produced naturally in animals, whereas the term somatropin refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology, and is abbreviated " HGH " in humans.

* 1993-Nutropin ( recombinant somatropin )-Growth hormone for children and adults for treatment before kidney transplant due to chronic renal insufficiency.

rHGH refers to recombinant human growth hormone ( somatropin ).

rBST refers to recombinant bovine somatropin ( cow growth hormone ), or recombinant bovine GH ( rbGH ).

Norditropin is a brand name for somatropin, a polypeptide hormone of recombinant DNA origin.

The Lanthanum cation La < sup > 3 +</ sup > is a positive allosteric modulator at native and recombinant GABA receptors, increasing open channel time and decreasing desensitization in a subunit configuration dependent manner.

Lemna is being used as a recombinant expression system for economical production of complex biopharmaceuticals.

E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA.

Dornase is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease, which breaks down DNA in the sputum, thus decreasing its viscosity.

A recombinant uricase enzyme ( rasburicase ) is available ; its use, however, is limited, as it triggers an autoimmune response.

Chromosomal crossover ( or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes.

A recombinant immunoblot assay is used to verify the immunoassay and the viral load is determined by a HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction.

While protein-mediated transduction supports reprogramming adult cells to pluripotency, the method is cumbersome and requires recombinant protein expression and purification expertise, and reprograms albeit at very low frequencies ( Kim et al., 2009 ).

In genetic engineering, recombination can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA.

This is followed by selection and screening of recombinant clones.

Andrew is responsible for recreating an extinct species, the Ragna Demon, through recombinant DNA experiments.

A genetically modified organism ( GMO ) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using the genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology.

Since the structure of a glycan may depend on the expression, activity and accessibility of the different biosynthetic enzymes, it is not possible to use recombinant DNA technology in order to produce large quantities of glycans for structural and functional studies as it is for proteins.

Erythropoietin is available as a therapeutic agent produced by recombinant DNA technology in mammalian cell culture.

This interest in recombinant ecosystems or ' weedscapes ' is partly inspired by a 1979 visit to New Zealand and interactions with New Zealand ecologist Haikai Tane ( 1995 ).

There is no ideal therapy for neutropenia, but recombinant G-CSF ( granulocyte-colony stimulating factor ) such as filgrastim can be effective in chemotherapy patients, in patients with congenital forms of neutropenia including severe congenital neutropenia, autosomal recessive Kostmann's syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, and myelokathexis.

The thrombin cleavage site ( Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser ) is commonly included in linker regions of recombinant fusion protein constructs.

A recombinant form of human IL-2 for clinical use is manufactured by Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. with the brand name Proleukin.

Rasburicase ( brand names: Elitek in the US, and Fasturtec in Europe ) is a recombinant version of urate oxidase, an enzyme which occurs in many mammals, but not in humans.