Bovril beef tea was the main warm drink that Ernest Shackleton's team had to drink when they were marooned on Elephant Island during the Endurance Expedition.

There followed a sequence of exploits, and an ultimate escape with no lives lost, that would eventually assure Shackleton's heroic status, although this was not immediately evident.

Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled.

Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea.

Although officially he was given leave by Union-Castle, this was in fact the end of Shackleton's Merchant Navy service.

" There is conjecture that Scott's motives for removing him was resentment of Shackleton's popularity, and that ill-health was used as an excuse to get rid of him.

After considerable weather delays, Shackleton's base was eventually established at Cape Royds, about north of Hut Point.

The party was in high spirits, despite the difficult conditions ; Shackleton's ability to communicate with each man kept the party happy and focused.

Mount Erebus was first climbed ( to the rim ) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908.

The ships ' motto, Fortitudine Vincimus ( By Endurance We Conquer ), was Shackleton's family motto.

* A large leopard seal attacked Thomas Orde-Lees ( 1877 – 1958 ), a member of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914 – 1917 when the expedition was camping on the sea ice.

Hurley was also the official photographer on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition which set out in 1914 and was marooned until August 1916 ; Hurley produced many pioneering colour images of the Expedition using the then-popular Paget process of colour photography.

His footage was also used in the 2001 IMAX film Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure.

In 1908, while not making the pole, Ernest Shackleton's party was the first to cross the mountains, using the Beardmore Glacier.

In 1921 he was a part of Ernest Shackleton's final Antarctic expedition.

Treasure-hunter, Antarctic explorer, soldier, aeronaut, entrepreneur, big-game hunter and movie-maker, Francis Howard Bickerton not only made a major contribution to the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911 – 14 but was also recruited for Sir Ernest Shackleton's " Endurance " Expedition ; he fought with the infantry, the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force in both world wars and was wounded on no fewer than four separate occasions.

He was one of the sponsors of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ill-fated Antarctic expedition of 1914 to 1916, and the open boat, the James Caird, in which six of Shackleton's expedition made an epic open boat voyage of 800 nautical miles ( 1, 500 km ) from Elephant Island to South Georgia, was named in appreciation of Caird's contribution.

Shackleton's most famous expedition set out from London on August 1, 1914, to reach the Weddell Sea on January 10, 1915, where the pack ice closed in on their ship, the Endurance.

Two Royal Navy ships have been called HMS Endurance after Sir Ernest Shackleton's Endurance, the ship crushed in the ice of the Weddell Sea during his 1914-1915 Antarctic expedition.

Members of Ernest Shackleton's 1914-1916 expedition to the Antarctic resorted to eating dog pemmican when they were stranded on ice for the winter.

" He continues on for an entire chapter, relating myths of the green-haired merman sighted in the sea's icy waters, the inability of crews to navigate a path to the coast until 1949, and treacherous " flash freezes " that left ships, such as Ernest Shackleton's Endurance, at the mercy of the ice floes.

As his 27-man crew set up camp on the slowly-moving ice, Shackleton's focus shifted to how best to save his party.

The choices of Vincent and McNish, both reportedly difficult characters, have been ascribed by some writers to Shackleton's wish to keep potential troublemakers under his personal charge, although each had proved his worth during the earlier boat journey from the ice.

The Theron, like its immediate forbears, the Endurance ( 1914 Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition ) and the Deutschland ( Filchner's German Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1911 ), was trapped in the ice.

The sheer ice cliffs of the Caird Coast as seen by Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition | Shackleton's Expedition in January, 1915

The sheer ice cliffs of the Caird Coast as seen by Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition | Shackleton's Expedition in January, 1915

In mid-April 1915, explorer Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance, carrying the 27 members of his Antarctic expedition, became locked in the polar ice in the Weddell Sea just off Antarctica.

Grytviken is a popular stop for cruise ships visiting Antarctica, and tourists usually land to visit Shackleton's grave.

Hay's Wharf was where Ernest Shackleton's ship " The Quest " lay in 1921.

After serving in the Pacific, and especially in the New Zealand Post Office's South Pacific service ( where he became renowned for his ability to navigate to tiny, remote islands ) he joined Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914 – 1916, as captain of the Endurance.

En route the South Pole party discovered the Beardmore Glacier, ( named after Shackleton's patron ), and became the first persons to see and travel on the South Polar Plateau.

Only two, however, had previous polar experience: Alistair Forbes Mackay, the expedition's medical officer, had visited Antarctica with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod expedition in 1907 – 09, and had been one of the party of three to discover the location of the South Magnetic Pole.

Ernest Shackleton | Shackleton's party arriving at Elephant Island, April 1916, after the loss of the Endurance

To reach South Georgia, Shackleton's boat party would have to traverse some of the most tempestuous and storm-swept seas in the world, with almost unceasing gales.

The tug was commanded by Luis Pardo, which rescued members of Ernest Shackleton's party from nearby Point Wild in August 1916.

* March 9 – A team from Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition becomes the first to reach the crater of Mount Erebus in Antarctica.

Annascaul was the birthplace of the Antarctic explorer Tom Crean, who was part of Robert Scott's ill-fated attempts to reach the South Pole and Ernest Shackleton's epic open boat journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia.

Meanwhile Ernest Shackleton's British Antarctic Expedition, 1907 – 09, despite reaching a new furthest south record of 88 ° 23 ' S, had failed to reach the South Pole.

Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: " In charge of seawater analysis.

On 27 November 2011, the ashes of Frank Wild, Shackleton's ' right-hand man ', were interred on the right-hand side of Shackleton's grave-site.

According to Shackleton's own account, his first choices for the journey were Worsley and the dependable Tom Crean, who " begged to go ".

Shackleton's men were, in Worsley's words, " a terrible trio of scarecrows ", their haggard faces dark with exposure, wind, frostbite and accumulated blubber soot.

He was born in Melbourne on 20 February 1920, the son of Irvine Gaze, a member of the Ross Sea Party who were preparing for Ernest Shackleton's expedition ..

Subsequent medals were also awarded to members of Ernest Shackleton's expeditions in 1907 – 09 and 1914 – 17.