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Shangdi can also be referred to simply as " Di ", in the inscriptions found on the oracle bone archeological artifacts and in the Thirteen Classics of Chinese literature, although the interpretation of " Di " can be ambiguous, since dì ( 帝 ) means " divinity " or " emperor "; and, thus, " Di " can be used to refer to various divine spiritual beings or also to actual or legendary emperors.
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Shangdi and also
In this period, the Chinese worshipped many different gods — weather gods and sky gods — and also a supreme god, named Shangdi, who ruled over the other gods.
Shangdi, also written: Shang Di, () refers to a supreme god or divinity in Chinese religion.
" Shangdi remains chiefly synonymous with Heaven since Zhou Dynasty, although the term has also been used to translate " God " into Chinese by certain Christian missionaries or translators.
Shangdi also is concerned about Chinese people's well being and moral character, which led to the setting up of ethical standards that foster virtuous behavior and social harmony.
Another " Classic " collection, the Four Books ( 四書, pinyin: Sì Shū ), mentions Shangdi also, but it is a later compilation and the references are much more sparse and abstract.
* Shangdi, also sometimes Huángtiān Dàdì ( 皇天大帝 ), appeared as early as the Shang Dynasty.
The name " Shangdi " is also used in Taoism as a honorific for high gods.
There are various terms used for God in the Chinese language, the most prevalent being Shangdi ( 上帝, literally, " Emperor ( Sovereign ) Above "), used commonly by Protestants and also by non-Christians, and Tianzhu ( 天主, literally, " Lord of Heaven "), which is most commonly favored by Catholics.
Shangdi and be
Shangdi was considered too distant to be worshiped directly by ordinary mortals.
Shangdi is thought to be the Supreme Guide of both the natural order and the human order.
During the ritual a completely healthy bull would be slaughtered and presented as an animal sacrifice to Shangdi.
State sacrifice to Shangdi should be on a round-mound-altar compound according to the Sacred Books of Confucianism.
Most of the controversy is over whether God should be translated as Shen ( spirits or gods ) or Shangdi ( Most High God ).
The Duke of Zhou was credited with elaborating the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven, which countered Shang propaganda that as descendants of the god Shangdi they should be restored to power.
Shangdi and Di
* Di or Shangdi ( Chinese:, " Emperor " or " High Emperor "), the Chinese name for the supreme God either in native Chinese beliefs or in translation of monotheistic faiths like Christianity and Islam
During the Shang Dynasty ( 17 – 11th centuries BCE ) the Chinese called god Shangdi ( 上帝 " lord on high ") or Di (" lord "), and during the Zhou Dynasty ( 11th – 3rd centuries BCE ) Tian " heaven ; god " became synonymous with Shangdi.
Shangdi and ",
Although intercession with Shangdi was disallowed for others, the practice of the emperor, as the " Son of Heaven ", reserved for him ( or extremely rarely, her ) the practice of making supplication to Shangdi.
Instead, in the center building of the Temple of Heaven, in a structure called the " Imperial Vault of Heaven ", a " spirit tablet " ( 神位, or shénwèi ) inscribed with the name of Shangdi is stored on the throne, Huangtian Shangdi ( 皇天上帝 ).
The qualities of Tian and Shangdi appear to have merged in later literature and are now worshiped as one entity (" 皇天上帝 ", Huángtiān Shàngdì ) in, for example, the Beijing's Temple of Heaven.
* Determination of the Chinese word for " God ", which was generally accepted as 天主 Tianzhu ( Lord of Heaven ), while Jesuits were available to allow Chinese Christians to use 天 Tian ( Heaven ) or 上帝 Shangdi ( Lord of Above / Supreme Emperor )
The oldest records of the term Westerners translate as " God ", " Most High God ", " Greatest Lord " appear to exist in the earliest documents of Chinese literature as Shangdi ( 上帝, pinyin: Shàngdì, literally " Above Emperor ").
Their translators, coming to China later and separately, chose to use the older terminology " Shangdi ", apparently believing Shangdi was a valid or preferable representation of the " Most High God ".
Shangdi and inscriptions
Many of the oracle bone inscriptions record the petitions to Shangdi by the sovereign, praying for rain.
The earliest references to Shangdi are found in Oracle Bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty ( ca.
Shangdi and on
The airport offers bus service to and from points throughout the city including Xidan, Beijing Railway Station, Beijing South Station, Beijing West Station, Zhongguancun, Fangzhuang and Shangdi on eleven airport bus routes.
It was a pantheistic and panentheistic belief, centering on the worship of Shangdi ( literally " Lord Above "), later merged with Tian ( the " Heaven " or " Sky ") conceived as a divine force or power.
Yang's view is based on the series Shangdi 上帝
At the time, Shang rulers claimed that their mythical ancestors, identified with " the suns, birds, east, life, the Lord on High " ( i. e., Shangdi ), had defeated an earlier people associated with " the underworld, dragons, west.
A close neighbor of Badaling highway, adjoining Olympic Green on the east and Zhongguancun high technology zone and Shangdi Information Industry base on the west, North China Electric Power University is located in Deshengmenwaizhuxinzhuang, Beijing.
Shangdi and oracle
The sinologist Herrlee Creel claims that an analysis of the Shang oracle bones reveals Shangdi to have preceded Tian as a deity, and that Zhou Dynasty authors replaced the term " Shangdi " with " Tian " to cement the claims of their influence.
Shangdi and Classics
Shangdi is mentioned in Chinese literature in the Five Classics, which were allegedly edited by Confucius in the 6th century BC.
All of the Five Classics include references to Shangdi:
Shangdi and Chinese
During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi ( the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion ), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.
* Change of Han Hedi to Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
* Change of Han Shangdi to Han Andi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
* August or September – Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty ( b. 105 )
In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system of ancestor worship towards a universalized worship, away from the worship of Shangdi and to that of Tian or " heaven ".
Shangdi was regarded as an ultimate spiritual power by the ruling elite of the Chinese people during the Shang ( 商 ) Dynasty: he was believed to control victory in battle, success or failure of harvests, weather conditions, and generally the fate of the kingdom.
This implies that Shangdi is the oldest deity directly referenced by any Chinese narrative literature.
And, as it was mentioned in the previous section how yearly sacrifices to Shangdi were made by Emperor Shun, the Chinese belief in Shangdi may have been regarded as predating the Xia Dynasty.
From the earliest eras of Chinese history, Shangdi was officially worshipped through sacrificial rituals.
The ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty would perform annual sacrificial rituals to Shangdi at the great Temple of Heaven in the imperial capital.
British missionaries of the 19th Century preferred Shangdi, as connecting more with the ancient Chinese monotheism ; while Americans usually used Shen, because they saw the concurrent Chinese polytheism as precluding any knowledge of the " true " God in ancient history.
Several years later, he would interpret this to mean that God the Heavenly Father ( whom he identified with Shangdi from Chinese tradition ) wanted him to rid the world of demon worship .< ref name = sources >
This myth appears to have been preceded in ancient Chinese literature by the existence of Shangdi or Taiyi.
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