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Sima adopted a new method in sorting out the historical data and a new approach to writing historical records.
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Sima and adopted
Unlike subsequent official historical texts that adopted Confucian doctrine, proclaimed the divine rights of the emperors, and degraded any failed claimant to the throne, Sima Qian's more liberal and objective prose has been renowned and followed by poets and novelists.
Remnants of the Jin court fled to Jiankang, located east of Luoyang and Chang ' an, and founded the so-called Eastern Jin Dynasty, under Sima Rui a Prince of Langye, later he adopted a title Emperor Yuan.
However, at times Sima Zhao hesitated as to whether Sima Yan or his brother Sima You would be the more appropriate heir — as Sima You was considered talented and had also been adopted by Sima Shi, who had no biological sons of his own, and Sima Zhao, remembering his brother's role in the Simas ' takeover of power, thought it might be appropriate to return power to his branch of the clan.
He considered his talented younger son Sima You, who had been adopted by Sima Shi because Sima Shi did not have sons of his own — under the rationale that because Sima Shi had great achievement in the Simas ' obtaining and retaining power, the succession should go back to his son.
For the periods where they overlapped, Ban Gu adopted nearly verbatim much of Sima Qian's material, though in some cases he also expanded it.
Other cultures have adopted the name Sima as well.
Sima and new
In writing Shiji, Sima initiated a new writing style by presenting history in a series of biographies.
In 220, when Cao Pi deposed the last emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei became the name of the new dynasty he founded, which was seized and controlled by the Sima family in 249, until it was overthrown and became part of the Jin Dynasty in 265.
After his father's death in 251, Sima Zhao became the assistant to his brother, the new regent Sima Shi.
Around the new year 352, Huan, impatient after his requests to advance north in light of Later Zhao's collapse were being rebuffed by Sima Yu and Yin, who were concerned about his expanding power, and mobilized his troops and gestured as if he were about to attack the capital.
However, around the new year 419, Sima Dewen was himself ill and had to be at his house.
Huan Xuan established a new state of Chu, and he created Emperor An the Prince of Pinggu and Sima Dewen the Duke of Shiyang, but kept them close to him to watch them.
However, around the new year 419, Sima Dewen was ill and had to be at his own house, and Liu Yu's assassin Wang Shaozhi ( 王韶之 ) took the opportunity to kill Emperor An.
On July 9, 1981, a new section of the Zalău County Museum was inaugurated and was named the " Ioan Sima " Arts Gallery.
Cao Shuang's popularity and influence was dropped to a new low as his military defeat, while in the same time, Sima Yi's popularity and influence further increased for his opposition to the campaign from the start.
Sima and method
Sima Qian is often compared to the Greek Herodotus in scope and method, because he covered Chinese history from the mythical Xia Dynasty until the contemporary reign of Emperor Wu of Han while retaining an objective and non-biased standpoint.
Sima and out
* War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan ( Jin Wudi ) a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty.
Sima Guang also pointed out the cause of Liu Song's disaster:
5th century BCE ) in his Histories, and was already both practiced and edited out by early encyclopaedic writers like Sima Qian ( ca.
On the one side, as Martin Palmer points out in the introduction to his translation, two of the three chapters Sima Qian cited in his biography of Zhuangzi, come from the " Outer Chapters " and the third from the " Mixed Chapters ".
Sima Qian sifted out the elements of the supernatural and fantastic which seemed to contradict their existence as actual human monarchs, and was therefore criticized for turning myths and folklore into sober history.
He pointed out Cao Fang and told the boy to hug Sima, as he would hug his father.
In 251, when Wang was ready to carry out his plan, his subordinates Huang Hua ( 黃華 ) and Yang Hong ( 楊弘 ) betrayed him to Sima.
Internal conflict broke out in Shouchun between Zhuge and Wen Qin ( returned from Eastern Wu to support the revolt ), which concluded with Wen's death at Zhuge's hands and the defection of Wen's sons to Sima Zhao.
Empress Jia desired the punishment to be carried out immediately ; but Emperor Hui decided instead to merely depose Sima Yu and keep him under house arrest for the time being.
When Crown Prince Yu was in the palace to make an official petition to have his ill son Sima Bin ( 司馬彬 ) created a prince, Empress Jia forced him to drink a large amount of wine and, once he was drunk, had him write out a statement in which he declared intention to murder the emperor and the empress and to take over as emperor.
Seeing this, Sima Yue decided to resist ; he welcomed Empress Yang and Crown Prince Qin back to their positions, and, in Emperor Hui's name, set out to attack Sima Ying.
Sima Yi kept his armies safe in fortifications, his strategy being to wait out the Shu armies who had a very difficult time keeping their armies supplied with provisions.
Cao Rui again identified Shu's problem being keeping their army supplied, and ordered Sima Yi to keep his armies fortified and wait the enemy out.
Seeing this, Sima Yi feared that Zhuge Liang only pretended he was dead to lure him out, and immediately retreated.
Long rains brought a temporary break from the fighting, but as soon as they lifted, Sima Yi launched an all out attack.
In 251, Wang was ready to carry out his plans when his associates Huang Hua ( 黃華 ) and Yang Hong ( 楊弘 ) leaked the plan to Sima.
A debate, that has continued to this day and will most likely never be resolved, as to whether Sima Yi was acting in a benevolent way, such as Huo Guang did during the Han Dynasty, or whether he was acting out of pure ambition, comparable to Wang Mang's short-lived Xin Dynasty.
According to the legend, he came up behind Sima Yi and called out his name, and indeed his head did turn completely around.
Under Wang Dao's suggestion, Sima Rui sought out the talented men among them and added them to his administration.
As Princess Chu came out to meet her brothers in a different house, soldiers that Liu Yu sent intruded into Sima Dewen's house and ordered Sima Dewen to take poison.
In 253, Jiang Wei made a coordinated attack on Wei, along with Wu's regent Zhuge Ke, but was eventually forced to withdraw after his troops ran out of food supplies — allowing Sima Shi to concentrate against Zhuge Ke, dealing Wu forces a devastating defeat that eventually caused so much resentment that Zhuge Ke was assassinated.
In 262, aggravated by Jiang Wei's constant attacks, Wei's regent Sima Zhao planned to carry out a major campaign to terminate the Shu threat once and for all.
Sima and historical
The Xia Dynasty of China ( from c. 2100 to c. 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals.
The first systematic Chinese historical text, Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, was written by Sima Qian.
The Chinese historical form of dynasty history, or Jizhuanti history of dynasties, was codified in the second dynastic history by Ban Gu ’ s ( 班固 ) History of Han ( 漢書 ), but historians regard Sima ’ s work as their model, which stands as the " official format " of the history of China.
Sima also emphasised, for the first time in Chinese history, the role of individual men in affecting the historical development of China.
* 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the Zizhi Tongjian is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters
The existence of the early Kingdom of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China, it was however referred to in the Han Dynasty text Shiji by Sima Qian as an ally of the Zhou who defeated the Shang.
Although court records and other independent records existed beforehand, the definitive work in early Chinese historical writing was the Shiji ( 史記 / 史记 ), written by the Han Dynasty court historian Sima Qian ( 145 BCE-90 BCE ).
During the Tang period, the ornate, artificial style of prose developed in previous periods was replace by a simple, direct, and forceful prose based on examples from the Hundred Schools ( see above ) and from the Han period, the period in which the great historical works of Sima Tan and Sima Qian were published.
( The Yellow Emperor, traditionally dated around 2600 BC, is the first ruler whom Sima Qian considered sufficiently established as historical to appear in the Records.
Mindful of historical precedent, Sima Yan sought to bolster the power of the Sima clan by enfeoffing his uncles, cousins and sons.
* Sima Guang, historian and statesman during the Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ), known for his monumental historical work Zizhi Tongjian and rivalry against contemporary Wang Anshi.
According to the 2nd century BC historical text Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, the Qin state traced its origin to Zhuanxu, one of the Five Emperors in ancient times.
Zhang Qian's accounts of his explorations of Central Asia are detailed in the Early Han historical chronicles, Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji, compiled by Sima Qian in the 1st century BCE.
Ban did not immediately begin an official career, but remained in the Ban family home in Anling to work on the completion of his father's historical sequel to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.
Thus, students learn Chinese culture by reading not only Confucius, Laozi and Zhuangzi, but also Mencius, Xun Zi, Han Feizi, and Mozi, as well as historical narratives by Sima Qian and the Zuo Zhuan, the later movement of Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi, narrative works such as Journey to the West or the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the great Chinese poets, Li Bai, Wang Wei and Du Fu.
The great Chinese historian Sima Qianand much Chinese historiography following himconsidered the Yellow Emperor to be a more historical figure than earlier legendary figures such as Fu Xi, Nüwa, and the Yan emperor.
By Han times – as seen in Sima Qian's account in the Shiji – the Yellow Emperor, who as lord of the underworld had been symbolically linked to the Xia, had become a historical ruler whose descendants were thought to have founded the Xia.
:: The historical Sima Yi was not at the western front for the " vacant city ruse " but at the more important southern front with the Southland.
This closely matched that in the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu.
The Emperor and the Assassin, also known as The First Emperor, is a 1998-1999 Chinese historical romance film based primarily on Jing Ke's assassination attempt on the King of Qin, as described in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.
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