Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.

Since the late-1990s, Article 9 has been the central feature of a dispute over the ability of Japan to undertake multilateral military commitments overseas.

Since 1801, most of the United States Constitution has not applied to the District, because of Congress's " exclusive " interpretation ( Rights Supporters say " unchecked and unbalanced ", but a neutral reporter might say " without Checks and Balances ") of Article One, Section 8, Clause 17.

Since this " new law " had not been directed by the Florida legislature, it violated Article II.

Since many treaties are signed while the use ( or threat ) of force is in effect, most scholars agree that Article 52 refers only to force that is in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.

Since then, the three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty ( Article 10 ), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the Directive on the legal protection of computer programs ( Article 6 ( 3 )), the EU Database Directive ( Article 6 ( 3 )), and the EU Copyright Directive ( Article 5 ( 5 )).

Since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states " The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ", most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.

During World War II, pornographic materials were banned altogether: " Since the end of the Second World War Article 175 of the Japanese Penal Code, known as the obscenity law, has represented the only official restriction on freedom of expression, which is nevertheless guaranteed by Article 21 of the 1947 Constitution.

Since Article 160 defines a Malay as " professing the religion of Islam ", those eligible to benefit from laws assisting bumiputra are, in theory, subject to religious law enforced by the parallel Syariah Court system.

Since then, the European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) has ruled that the trial violated Articles 6 ( right to a fair trial ) because the defendants had been refused legal aid and had only been represented by volunteer lawyers, and Article 10 ( right to freedom of expression ) of the Convention on Human Rights, again because the defendants had been refused legal aid, and awarded a judgment of £ 57, 000 against the UK government.

Since 1927, Article 20 of the Common Part of the penal code that listed possible " measures of social defence " had the following item 20a: " declaration to be an enemy of the workers with deprivation of the union republic citizenship and hence of the USSR citizenship, with obligatory expulsion from its territory ".

Since the late 1960s, Article 11 has increasingly been quoted by those who interpret it as a basis for the right of return of Palestinian refugees.

Since this measure was known to step beyond the bounds of Article 5 of the ECHR, the government included section 30 to allow for a derogation ( an opt out ), claiming that since there was a " state of emergency threatening the life of the nation " ( just one interpretation of the War on Terror ) which allowed it to do this.

Since Judge Dupree refused both the defense and prosecution requests for any psychiatric evaluation to be done for MacDonald, he also refused the prosecution's request to allow into evidence any part of the Article 32 transcripts from MacDonald's 1970 U. S. Army hearing.

Since 1999 Article 2 of the constitution has stated ( in relevant part ):

Since 2009, Article 14 also foresees the right for the citizens without involvement of president:

Since the Lisbon Treaty came into force, the European Union humanitarian aid action is ruled by Article 214 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.

Since 1993 the Committee has also adopted recommendations in accordance with its role in the implementation of the European Social Charter ( Article 29 of the Social Charter ).

Since the 1942 Quirin case, the U. S. signed and ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which were thus considered to be a part of U. S. municipal law, in accordance with Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Constitution of the United States ( the Supremacy Clause ).

* Since Big Brother 2, the UK series always opens with a twist which have included the public being able to choose the final housemate out of three possibilities ( Big Brother 2 ), the public voting for a housemate to leave during the first week and then the housemates choosing between the two housemates with the least number of votes ( Big Brother 3 ), First Night Nominations ( Big Brother 4 ), Suitcase Nominations ( Big Brother 5 ), Unlucky Housemate 13 ( Big Brother 6 ), Big Brother Hood ( Big Brother 7 ), an all-female House and the first inclusion of twins as contestants ( Big Brother 8 ), the first couple to enter as housemates and set a secret task to hide their real relationship ( Big Brother 9 ), all " housemates " really being " non-housemates " who had to earn their housemate status ( Big Brother 10 ), a mole entering the House with an " Impossible Task " ( Big Brother 11 ), Jackie Stallone entering a house containing her son's ex-wife ( Celebrity Big Brother 3 ), the entrance of a non-celebrity in a celebrity edition ( Celebrity Big Brother 4 ) and Jade Goody's family announced to be visiting.

Since 2002, Charles has been a DJ on BBC Radio 6 Music, presenting The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show, where he plays a diverse range of funk and soul music, from classic tracks to the latest releases, and provides publicity for new bands.

" Since the adoption of the Amidah, the acknowledgement of God through the declaration from Yishayah 6: 3 " Kadosh, kadosh, kadosh, is HaShem, Master of Legions ; the whole world is filled with His glory ".

Since the Second World War, they have been attended by an average of over 2, 000 and up to 6, 000 people.

Since 1979, there have been concerted efforts by international bodies to end the practice, including sponsorship by the United Nations of an International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation, held each 6 February since 2003.

Since version 0. 6, gnutella is a composite network made of leaf nodes and ultra nodes ( also called ultrapeers ).

Since 6 has 2 factors ( 2 and 3 ) it should have 2 < sup > 2 </ sup > idempotents.

Since 1996, the restitutions, according sometimes to less formal criteria, concerned 47 more pieces ( 26 paintings, with 6 from the Louvre including a then displayed Tiepolo ), until the last claims of French owners and their heirs ended again in 2006.

Since 2000, Libya has recorded favourable growth rates with an estimated 10. 6 % growth of GDP in 2010.

Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥ 406 billion market in Japan in 2007 ( approximately $ 3. 6 billion ) and ¥ 420 billion ($ 5. 5 billion ) in 2009.

Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403. 3 billion, with RM 67. 6 billion in 2008.

Since then, the Society, guided by its International Steering Committee, has grown to over 4, 000 members and some 6, 000 associate supporters across more than 50 countries around the world.

Since 6 February 2012, Poland serves as the protecting power of the United States in Syria.

Since J2SE5. 0, Java's library contains a interface that specifies queue operations ; implementing classes include and ( since J2SE 1. 6 ).

Since 1986, thousands of members of the UP and other leftist parties were murdered ( estimates range from 4, 000 to 6, 000 ).

Since self-determination is not recognized in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, some Basques abstained and some even voted against it in the referendum of December 6 of that year.

Since the first term of the original federal officials began on this date and ended 2, 4, or 6 years later, this became the date on which new federal officials took office in subsequent years.

Since Linux 2. 6. 29 ext3, ext4, gfs2 and jfs have the freeze feature as well.

Since then, the number of racquetball players has remained steady, an estimated 5. 6 million players.

Since privatisation extensions have been made to the tram system, with the $ 28 million extension of the 109 to Box Hill opening on 2 May 2003, a $ 7. 5 million extension along Docklands Drive in Docklands opened on 4 January 2005, and a $ 42. 6 million extension of the 75 to Vermont South opening on 23 July 2005.

* Since winter 2005 / 6 significant escapes / releases have also resulted in animals colonising areas around the fringes of Dartmoor, in Devon.

Since the liberalization of immigration policy in 1965, the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled, from 9. 6 million in 1970, to about 38 million in 2007.

Since Jackson had hit a home run off Dodger pitcher Don Sutton in his last at bat in Game 5, his three home runs in Game 6 meant that he had hit four home runs on four consecutive swings of the bat against four different Dodger pitchers.

Since chemotherapy on its own is not guaranteed to completely rid the patient of disease, patients are often kept on the drugs for extended periods of times ( i. e. more than 6 months, years ).

Since the construction of the Bukhtarma dam the lake has risen 6 m ( 20 ft ) above its natural level.