Since Parts 1, and 2, were prepared independently, the abbreviation schemes and the chemical symbols used differ in the two parts.

Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems.

Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems.

Since aldehydes resonate at similar chemical shifts, multiple resonance experiments are employed to definitively distinguish aldehydes and ketones.

Since the polymer only dissolves very slowly in the chemical part of the etching, it builds up on the sidewalls and protects them from etching.

Since neodymium coloration depends upon " forbidden " f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass.

Since World War II, Iraq's use of mustard gas against Iranian troops and Kurds ( Iran-Iraq war of 1981 – 1988 ) has been the only large-scale use of any chemical weapons.

Since these were all individual compounds, he demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats ( which traditionally come from organic sources ), producing new compounds, without " vital force ".

Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been proposed to be economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting .< ref name = Musadi2011 > Since carbonic acid in seawater is in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied.

Since heavy elements ( high atomic number ) backscatter electrons more strongly than light elements ( low atomic number ), and thus appear brighter in the image, BSE are used to detect contrast between areas with different chemical compositions.

Since any chemical component can participate in several reactions simultaneously, the stoichiometric coefficient of the i – th component in the k – th reaction is defined as

Since 1953 however, AES has become a practical and straightforward characterization technique for probing chemical and compositional surface environments and has found applications in metallurgy, gas-phase chemistry, and throughout the microelectronics industry.

Since orbital energies are unique to an atom of a specific element, analysis of the ejected electrons can yield information about the chemical composition of a surface.

Since the early 1970s, Cannabis plants have been categorized by their chemical phenotype or " chemotype ," based on the overall amount of THC produced, and on the ratio of THC to CBD.

Since many components of natural foods have E numbers ( and the number simply is a synonym for the chemical component ), e. g. vitamin C ( E300 ) and lycopene ( E160d ), this is incorrect ; presumably the intent is that the ingredients list does not list any food additives by E number, that is, pure forms of the substances are not intentionally added.

Since < sup > </ sup > the bulk density of a solid chemical element is strongly related to its molar mass ( usually about 3 R per mole, as noted above ), there exists noticeable inverse correlation between a solid ’ s density and its specific heat capacity on a per-mass basis.

Since abortion is only possible when the fetus is three to four month old, older fetuses are aborted using chemical injection to induce the baby.

Since 2000 the chemical sector alone has represented 2 / 3 of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU.

Since its founding, the college expanded its degree program to include chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Since Biot's time, analysis of meteorites has resulted in accurate measurements of the chemical composition of the solar system.

Since the mid 20th century chemical fluorescent stains, such as DAPI which binds to DNA, have been used to label specific structures within the cell.

Since a Fahrenheit-sized interval of temperature is only < sup > 5 </ sup >⁄< sub > 9 </ sub > that of a Celsius-sized interval, the value is typically expressed as 10. 4 ( µin / in )/° F rather than 18. 7 ( µin / in )/° C .< sub > </ sub ></ ref > Similarly, a metering pump that injects a trace chemical into the main process line at the proportional flow rate Q < sub > p </ sub > = 125 ppm, is doing so at a rate that may be expressed in a variety of volumetric units, including 125 µL / L, 125 µgal / gal, 125 cm < sup > 3 </ sup >/ m < sup > 3 </ sup >, etc.

Since the chemical potential is kept constant,

Since 2000, Tillmans has become increasingly interested in the chemical foundations of photographic material as well as its haptic and spatial possibilities.

Since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man, in addition, by complex symbols, one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex.

Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures.

Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell.

Since nuclear chain reactions only require natural materials ( such as water and uranium ), it is possible to have these chain reactions occur where there is the right combination of materials within the Earth's crust.

Since enzyme reactions are very well known amplification processes, the signal is generated by enzymes which are linked to the detection reagents in fixed proportions to allow accurate quantification-thus the name " enzyme linked ".

Since then, it has been used to prevent and treat graft-versus-host reactions in bone-marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants.

Since the 1970s, two broad reactions against neoclassical approaches have significantly changed the discipline: Marxist political economy, growing out of the work of David Harvey ; and the new economic geography which takes into account social, cultural, and institutional factors in the spatial economy.

Since the 1920s it had been suspected that the Sun shines because of nuclear fusion reactions that transform hydrogen into helium and release energy.

# Since it would seem desirable to use legitimate provocation as the basis for US military intervention in Cuba a cover and deception plan, to include requisite preliminary actions such as has been developed in response to Task 33 c, could be executed as an initial effort to provoke Cuban reactions.

Since almost all detachments ( require +) an amount of energy listed on the table, those detachment reactions are endothermic, or ΔE ( detach ) > 0.

Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrients, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions ( such as shown above ).

Since 1963, experiments have also been conducted to determine whether the instinctive reactions of those presented with a Gettier problem are uniform or display language or genetic biases.

Since the Maillard reaction produces water, further increases in water activity may inhibit Maillard reactions.

Since at equilibrium the affinities and reaction rates for forward and backward reactions are equal, it follows that

Since F is the strongest oxidizer known currently, it is immune to phase 1 metabolic reactions, which are generally oxidation reactions, in the liver.

Since some processes, such as gene transcription, involve many reactions and could not be correctly modeled as an instantaneous reaction in a single step, it was proposed to model these reactions as single step multiple delayed reactions in order to account for the time it takes for the entire process to be complete.

Since most Grignard reactions are conducted in anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, side-reactions with air are limited by the protective blanket provided by solvent vapors.

Since photorespiration requires additional energy from the light reactions of photosynthesis, some plants have mechanisms to reduce uptake of molecular oxygen by RuBisCO.

Since 1996 he has been involved in a project on incineration of nuclear waste by spallation and fission reactions.