Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

Since absorption is cumulative, the color effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the ice.

Since alcohol has a much lower freezing point (- 114 ° C ;-173. 2 ° F ) than water and doesn't form crystals, when the ice is filtered off, the alcohol concentration increases.

Since the ice receded from the area last, the most rapid rebound still occurs there.

Since the last ice age sea level has risen as much as 400 feet (~ 120 meters ).

Since then, it has served as an ice cream parlor, a bed and breakfast, and a museum.

Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the world top in long track ice skating and marathon skating.

Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material.

Since ice cream can contain as much as half air by volume, these numbers may be reduced by as much as half if cited by volume.

Since then, five known ice ages have done much to remodel the region.

Since not all Patriot League schools sponsor every available NCAA sport, such as ice hockey, several schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences.

Since 1939 the Zamboni family has also operated Iceland, an ice skating rink with improvements patented by Frank Zamboni.

Since the creek continues to flow atop this ice, the water level of the creek gradually rises as more ice accumulates on the bottom, in some cases causing flooding on the north side of town where the channel is not as deep.

Since Rudnick was still alive, Strauss resumed his assault with an ice pick, and Maione used a meat cleaver to complete the murder.

Since permafrost consists to a large amount of substrates other than ice, permafrost does not ' melt ' but it ' thaws '.

Since the Northumberland Strait freezes in winter, the cables are designed to be protected from ice scouring and were copied from a Swedish design that was originally used to supply the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea.

Since the islands of Oceania were never connected by land to a continent, the flora and fauna of the islands originally reached them from across the ocean ( though at the height of the last ice age sea levels were much lower than today and many current Seamounts were islands, so some now isolated islands were once less isolated ).

Since the Big Ten Conference does not include Division I men's ice hockey, Michigan State competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association.

Since the nanobots are inactive in the cold, he plans to use ice cubes to distribute them.

Since 1988 the squadron had provided the air supply bridge for these airplanes with wheels landed on an ice runway near the station.

Since diving under the ice takes place in cold climates, there is typically a large amount of equipment required.

Since the 1985 eruption, which destroyed about 10 % of the summit ice cover, the area of Nevado del Ruiz covered by glaciers has halved — from just after the eruption to about in 2003.

Since the Order ceremonies are always held during the hockey season, it took 13 years and 7 months — and two Governors General — before he could accept the honour.

Since 1950, Princeton has awarded the Hobey Baker Trophy to the " freshman hockey player who, among his classmates, in play, sportsmanship and influence has contributed most to the sport.

Since then the evolution to the Ontario Hockey League has developed through four distinct eras of junior-aged non-professional hockey in Ontario.

Since its opening, the Student Center has featured free-use billiards tables, ping pong tables, a growing videogame arcade, air hockey, foosball, board games, two concert venues ( the main Student Center stage, and Whitson's Memorial Greeting Hall ), and a film screening area.

Since moving to Ottawa to play NHL hockey, he became involved in the Ottawa community.

Since the invention of the fiberglass hockey mask, professional goaltenders no longer play without a mask.

Since entering the trading card market, it has produced a variety of sports trading cards, including baseball, basketball, boxing, football, golf, hockey, racing and tennis ; and has acquired a number of brand names.

Since then, the arena has hosted other minor-league hockey teams and various concerts, political rallies, tennis tournaments, figure skating, a Billy Graham Crusade and other events.

Since the sport expands quickly in many countries, the table hockey map may have to be redrawn within a couple of years when nations other than the big six ( Sweden, Finland, Russia, Czech Republic, Norway and Latvia ) produce new talents.

Since 1982, the tournament has been held every four years, halfway between the Summer Olympics field hockey competition.

Since 1960 it has been the country's dominant ice hockey club.

Since its inception, the organization primarily was dedicated to football, but over the years the club expanded and incorporated basketball, handball, field hockey, tennis, swimming and golf, among others.

Since opening, the arena has hosted concerts, hockey, basketball, figure skating and a number of trade shows each year.

Since the statistic is highly dependent on the team playing in front of a goalie, save percentage is usually considered a more accurate measure of a goaltender's skill, especially in ice hockey and lacrosse, as it takes into account the number of shots the goaltender has faced.

Since 1996, a campaign for the construction of a new ice rink in County Durham has been spearheaded by the County Durham Ice Foundation, a pressure group made up of ice skaters, ice hockey fans and players.

Since his retirement from hockey, Perreault has remained active in the game, coaching Junior teams in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.

Since the Field House's opening, the Institute has opened several other venues for athletic teams to play in, and today is used only by the hockey teams among the 21 other varsity sports offered at RPI.

Since inline hockey is a contact sport, although body checks are usually not allowed, injuries can still be a common occurrence.

Since the 2005-06 season, the OHA has sought a manner in which to rebrand and repopularize junior hockey throughout Ontario.

Since its inception, the organization has sent hundreds of pounds of ice hockey equipment to Israel and in the early nineties, published a newsletter entitled " The Hockey Shtick ".

Since the original team's demise in late 1907, the nickname Thistle has been used for many hockey clubs in Kenora and is currently the nickname of the town's amateur, junior, and senior-level men's teams.

Since 2000, McDonough has announced baseball, college basketball, college football, and NHL and NCAA hockey for ABC and ESPN.