Since the 1920s this discrepancy has been explained by the presence of isotopes ; the atomic mass of any isotope is very close to satisfying the whole number rule, with the mass defect caused by differing binding energies being significantly smaller.

Since the 1920s, Oxford has been the most popular candidate among " anti-Stratfordians ," a collective term for adherents of the various alternative-authorship theories.

Since the 1920s, Prime Ministers have typically been conferred the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, or the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers ( until 2003 a special higher class of the Order of the Rising Sun ), depending on tenure and eminence.

Since the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device were built.

Since the 1920s, it has experienced rapid growth and established many industries for agricultural products and machinery, textiles, pharmaceuticals, metal products, and services.

Since the 1920s, the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.

Since the end of the 20th century, the economic strength during the 1920s has drawn close comparison with the 1950s and 1990s, especially in the United States of America.

Since the 1920s, the appearance of the " modern girl " ( moga ) and " modern boy " ( mobo ) saw an increase in the number of women taking on the role of industrial and white-collar workers and consumers.

Since the 1920s, Lancaster had been the much larger and principal community of the Antelope Valley, as well as the rest of California's Mojave Desert.

Since the 1960s Leiston became famous outside the UK as the home of the Summerhill School, founded by A. S. Neill in the 1920s, which was the first major " free school "-referring to freedom in education.

Since the district's period of significance extends to 1944, most of those buildings erected after the 1920s were built as infill within the areas already subdivided by the 1920s.

Since the district's period of significance extends to 1944, most of those buildings erected after the 1920s were built as infill within the areas already subdivided by the 1920s.

Since the early 1920s, 150 movies and about a dozen television shows have been filmed here, including Tom Mix films, Hopalong Cassidy films, The Gene Autry Show, and The Lone Ranger.

Since the 1920s, the economy has been based primarily on agriculture.

Since the 1920s, an increasingly elaborate sub-culture of organized science fiction fandom has arisen, initially among correspondents to the letter columns of science fiction magazines.

Since the 1920s, Governors-General have acted solely on the advice of the local ministers, rather than on that of the British Government.

Since the 1920s the Wallabies have worn green and gold jerseys.

Since the late 1920s the tension between the air and naval services had declined.

Since the 1920s, the street's name has been synonymous with the American advertising industry.

Since the early 1920s, this modern vernacular form has been the standard style of writing for speakers of all varieties of Chinese throughout mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore as the written form of Modern Standard Chinese.

Since late 1920s, nearly all Chinese newspapers, books, and official and legal documents have been written in vernacular Chinese using the national standard.

Since the 1920s, 1.

Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Since the energy of the photoelectrons emitted is exactly the energy of the incident photon minus the material's work function or binding energy, the work function of a sample can be determined by bombarding it with a monochromatic X-ray source or UV source, and measuring the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted.

Since many materials can form crystals — such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules — X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields.

Since the energy of an X-ray is much greater than that of a valence electron, the scattering may be modeled as Thomson scattering, the interaction of an electromagnetic ray with a free electron.

Since that success, over 73761 X-ray crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules have been determined.

Since there is a slight spread in the incoming wavelengths of the incoming X-ray beam, the values of | F ( q )| can be measured only for q vectors located between the two spheres corresponding to those radii.

Since cosmic X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, space-based telescopes are needed for X-ray astronomy.

Since the upper atmosphere is not homogeneous and contains significant magnetic structure, the solar ultraviolet ( UV ), EUV and X-ray flux varies markedly in the course of the solar cycle.

Since the Shuttle could be oriented in only one direction at a time, X-ray observations had to be coordinated carefully with ultraviolet observations.

Since 1969 the FDA has limited TV X-ray emission to 0. 5 mR ( milliroentgen ) per hour.

Since the alpha line is often the only line of interest in many industrial applications, the final device in the Norelco X-ray spectrographic instrument line was the Autrometer.

Since X-ray treatments are usually done with multiple exposures from opposite sides, each section of skin will be exposed to both entering and exiting X-rays.

Since the launch of Hakucho in 1979, ISAS has had X-ray astronomy satellites consecutively in orbit, until it was briefly terminated by the launch failure of ASTRO-E.

Since the spectral emissions for high Z elements would be in the soft X-ray range ( easily absorbed in air ), Moseley was required to use vacuum tube techniques to measure them.

Since it has short-range atomic order, it is a mineraloid, rather than a mineral, and can be identified by its distinctive infrared spectrum and its X-ray diffraction pattern.

Since this thickness corresponds to the diameter of many viruses, a promising direction is the electron diffraction of isolated macromolecular assemblies, such as viral capsids and molecular machines, which may be carried out with a cryo-electron microscope.

Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be of the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i. e. ~ 200 nm ( blue ) to 350 nm ( red ) for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum-the repeating regions of high and low dielectric constants have to be of this dimension.

Since the degree of order is at a maximum once a new monolayer has been formed, the spots in the diffraction pattern have maximum intensity since the maximum number of diffraction centers of the new layer contribute to the diffracted beam.

Since the process depended on diffraction of light waves, it required anti-vibration mountings, clean rooms, and highly trained operators.

Since light propagates as waves, the patterns it produces on the film are subject to the wave phenomenon known as diffraction, which limits the image resolution to features on the order of several times the wavelength of light.

Since diffraction cannot be eliminated, the best possible lens for a given operating condition ( aperture setting ) is one that produces an image whose quality is limited only by diffraction.

Since Brillouin's study with Sommerfeld, he was interested and did pioneering work in the diffraction of electromagnetic radiation in a dispersive media.