Since most Western economies are now considered " open " with free capital movement, this essentially means that central banks may target interest rates or exchange rates with credibility, but not both at once.

Since the feminist movement of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes-in ( singular ) and-innen ( plural ) to emphasize the inclusion of females ; but written with a capital ' I ', to indicate that males are not excluded.

Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 – 1541 ), Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 – 1800 ), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 – 1922 ), and the Irish Republic ( 1919 – 1922 ).

Since capital goods and labor are highly heterogeneous ( i. e. they have different characteristics that pertain to physical productivity ), economic calculation requires a common basis for comparison for all forms of capital and labour.

Since capitalists purchase labour and capital out of the same common pool of available but scarce labor and capital, it is essential that their plans fit together in at least a semi-coherent fashion.

Since Indiana was first settled in its southern tier ( the state's first capital, Corydon, is in the south near the Ohio River ), it is hypothesized that the name was carried as the population expanded northward in the state.

* Since its 1824 renaming in his honor, the capital city of the West African country of Liberia has been named Monrovia.

Since the amount of physical capital affects MRP, and since financial capital flows can affect the amount of physical capital available, MRP and thus wages can be affected by financial capital flows within and between countries, and the degree of capital mobility within and between countries.

Since 1992 the nation has officially been governed as a constitutional democracy from its capital at Antananarivo.

Since the 1930s, all nations have closely monitored the inflow and outflow of capital, and most economists agree that a favorable balance of trade is desirable.

Since 2011, it has also produced news stories about the American Legislative Exchange Council as part of CMD's ALEC Exposed investigation and about Wisconsin's policy controversies, as CMD is located in the state's capital.

Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870.

Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located.

Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts.

Since Mycenae was the capital of a state that ruled, or dominated, much of the eastern Mediterranean world, the rulers must have placed their stronghold in this less populated and more remote region for its defensive value.

Since the 14th century, Vilnius had been the only official capital of the state.

Since the flow of services from ecosystems requires that they function as whole systems, the structure and diversity of the system are important components of natural capital.

Since social capital is readily available no matter the type of community, it is able to override more traditional queues for political engagement ( e. g., education, employment, civil skills, etc .…).

Since they were hunting for national defense contracts, Adam Herberet, a man of surprising resources, entered the combination as a silent partner because of his political connections.

Since altruism takes away resources from the altruist it can be a " honest signal " of resource availability and the abilities needed to gather resources.

Since then, with several relaunches, an increase in funding and resources from the BBC and improvements in digital television technology, the channel has been able to diversify content, with two minute looped bulletins available to view via BBC Red Button, BBC News Online and the BBC's mobile website, alongside individual weather and sport bulletins.

Since then, ecologists have worked to bridge their understanding of the degradation of the planet's ecosystems with environmental politics, law, restoration, and natural resources management.

# Large number of similar exposure units: Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the law of large numbers in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses.

Since Macau has little arable land and few natural resources, it depends on mainland China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports.

Since 1992, highlights were few and far between as the franchise failed to produce a winning season, having not fielded a competitive team because of a combination of bad management and financial constraints that limit the team relative to the resources available to other, larger-market clubs.

Since 2003, the exports of natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as the internal market strengthened considerably.

Since a mass driver could use any type of mass for reaction mass to move the spacecraft, a mass driver or some variation seems ideal for deep-space vehicles that scavenge reaction mass from found resources.

Since Steve McGarrett was also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes used their resources to help investigate and solve crimes.

Since neo-liberalism in the 1970 / 1980s and the emergence of the climate change crises, there has been abrupt evidence that the State is failing to effectively manage our environmental resources.

Since then, the Forum has documented new insights derived from this timeline and subsequent discoveries in permanent resources including the exhibit An Uncommon Commitment to Peace, and its companion catalogue, recognized by the Library of Congress as the most accessible educational resource on the subject, a Portsmouth Peace Treaty Trail ( and map supported by the New Hampshire Division of Tourism ), a curriculum guide for grades 4-8 distributed to all school districts in New Hampshire, a series of New Hampshire Humanities Council lectures and articles on the Treaty and New Hampshire's citizen diplomacy and a variety of commemorative events.

Since the males are of value only as pollinators, this allows the growers to use their resources for many more fruit producing female plants.

Since then much of the government's resources have been devoted to building parks, maintaining roads, and managing the rapid growth of the town.

Since the Maya lands were poor in these resources, they held comparatively little initial interest for the Spanish, who were attracted instead to central Mexico and Peru by promising reports of the greater rewards on offer there.

Since, many resources have become available for contact jugglers, such as clubs, books, festivals, videos / DVDs, and balls specifically manufactured for contact juggling.

Since 1914, ICMA has provided technical and management assistance, training, and information resources to its members and the local government community.

Since the costs of the school surpassed the family's means, the boy was supported by public resources and spent his school years in a dwelling for poor students ; he was given special attention and instruction by the rector of the Gymnasium, Georg Nikolaus Köhler, who sparked his interest in languages, loaned him Greek texts, and devised special exercises in which the boy had to reconstruct intelligible texts from fragments.

Since these resources are owned in common, individuals have no private incentive to preserve them, but rather will seek to exploit them before others can derive benefit.

Since people with disabilities often require non-standard devices and browsers, making websites more accessible also benefits a wide range of user agents and devices, including mobile devices, which have limited resources.

Since 1925, the Claremont Colleges, which have grown to include five undergraduate and two graduate institutions, have provided Pomona's student body with the resources of a larger university while preserving the closeness of a small college.

Since players of these games are willing to substitute real economic resources of time and money ( monthly fees ) in exchange for these resources, by definition they have demonstrated utility to the user.

Since the Spring of 1850 De Quincey had been a regular contributor to an Edinburgh periodical called Hogg's Weekly Instructor whose publisher, James Hogg, undertook to publish Selections Grave and Gay from Writings Published and Unpublished by Thomas De Quincey.

Since 2008 numbers and routes have dropped considerably with only Aer Arann routes to Luton, Lorient ( seasonal ), Manchester and Edinburgh remaining.

Since then, the event has been hosted in Auckland ( New Zealand )( 1991 ), Waikiki Beach ( Hawaii )( 1995 ), Sydney ( Australia )( 1999 ), Kamagaya ( Japan )( 2003 ), Stellenbosch ( South Africa ) ( 2007 ) and Edinburgh ( Scotland ) ( 2011 ).

Since then, the only additions have been a new interchange with the M80 motorway in 1992, a eastern extension from Newbridge to the then-new Edinburgh City Bypass in 1995, and the new junction on the approach to the Kingston Bridge in Glasgow connecting to the new M74 extension in 2011.

Since the 2005 election he has represented Edinburgh South West.

Since October 2008 he has been President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Sir John Arbuthnott has been elected as his successor.

Since the early 1970s the town has grown extensively and is now regarded as a highly-sought-after commuter town due to its excellent road and rail links to Glasgow, Edinburgh, Perth and nearby Stirling.

Since Queen Victoria's reign the company has enjoyed a special connection with the Royal Family, several of whom are members of the its livery today ; Prince Charles was installed on 10 May 2011 as Prime Warden for 2011-12, and was appointed Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights on 16 February 2012, succeeding his father, HRH The Duke of Edinburgh, in this role.

Since the adjournment of the Parliament of Scotland in 1707, the Court of Session has been housed in Parliament House, Edinburgh | Parliament House.

Since the upgrade to the West Coast Main Line was completed in 2008, the number of trains stopping at Penrith was reduced and the town now has an irregular service of fast trains to / from London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Since the death of MacIndoe in 1960, the president of the club is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Since Albert was dead, and her uncle, Edward VII of the United Kingdom, the Prince of Wales, had renounced his claim to the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the vacant duchy fell to Alexandra's father, the Duke of Edinburgh.

Since 2004, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo has also held free abridged performances at the Ross Bandstand in Princes Street Gardens, entitled " Taste of the Tattoo ", and as of 2008 also in George Square in Glasgow.

Since the Year 2000, he has been a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford and Christopher Strachey Professor of Computing at Oxford University Computing Laboratory.

Since the 1960s the Forrest Hill Bar in Edinburgh had been a centre for folk singers and instrumentalists.

Since the affair had been kept secret she had difficulty obtaining information about him, and could not afford to visit him in the Edinburgh hospital where he lay dying.

Since 15 September 2008, Northsound 1 and all other Bauer-owned FM stations in Scotland air live networked programmes on weekday evenings, weekend late nights and overnight from Clyde 1 in Glasgow, and a Saturday mid-morning show from Forth 1 in Edinburgh.

Since then, they have also performed at many corporate events, as well as Pride events and music festivals – including the Edinburgh Festival, Perth Festival, the Brighton Festival Fringe and Glastonbury Festival.

) Since 2007, Murrayfield has hosted the Edinburgh 7s, the final event in the annual IRB Sevens World Series in rugby sevens.

Since 1975 he has been senior partner in Hogg Thorburn, chartered accountants, in Galashiels and is a non-executive director with Edinburgh Risk Management ( General ) Limited, insurance brokers.

Since 2008, the students have published the Edinburgh Student Law Review, sponsored by Herbert Smith and Balfour and Manson.

Since its creation, the seat has been represented by Alistair Darling, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, who previously represented the former seat of Edinburgh Central from 1987 to 2005.

Since then there has also been an office opened in South Gyle, Edinburgh.

Since it is near to many different departments of the University of Edinburgh, Sciennes has a large student population, some living in modern university-owned buildings.