Since the lifetime of the laser transition L is long compared to that of Ra ( τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 43 </ sub >), a population accumulates in level 3 ( the upper laser level ), which may relax by spontaneous or stimulated emission into level 2 ( the lower laser level ).

Since the establishment of the Slovak Republic in January 1993, Slovakia has undergone a transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy, a process which some observers were to believe was slowed in the 1994-98 period due to the crony capitalism and other fiscal policies of Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar's government.

Since the Spanish transition to democracy, there have not been coalition governments ; when a party has failed to obtain absolute majority, minority governments have been formed.

Since one must consider probabilities that occupy all of phase space equally, the combined system of atom plus electromagnetic field must undergo a transition from electronic excitation to a photonic excitation ; the atom must decay by spontaneous emission.

Since independence, Tajikistan gradually followed the path of transition economy, reforming its economic policies.

Since independence, the Government of Uzbekistan has stated that it is committed to a gradual transition to a market-based economy.

Since the beginning of the transition, foreign donors have funded no less than ten urban transport plans and studies for Tirana, prepared mainly by foreign consultants ( in some cases invited by the City, in others hired directly by the donor organization ).

Since most parachutes are not designed to be opened at speeds higher than that of normal belly flying, freeflyers must transition back to the " belly to earth " position and slow down their descent for several seconds before deploying their parachute.

Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to a democratic society.

Since the creation of the series Atmospheres in 2000 and Storm Stories in 2003, The Weather Channel has seen a gradual transition toward a mix of weather forecast programming and weather-related entertainment programming that paralleled the launch of sister network weatherscan, the evolution of the always on L bar | weather ticker, the development of weather. com and popular branded mobile phone applications, and the increased viewing and interest in documentary series programs on the topic of weather.

Since it is in a transition zone between the two regions, Polk County is often referred to as being in the foothills.

Since this figure does not appear in accounts from the Republican period, the princeps of the Saturnalia may have developed as a satiric response to Rome's transition from a participatory republic to imperial monarchy under a princeps, the title assumed by the first emperor Augustus to avoid the hated connotations of the word " king " ( rex ).

Since the transition, it has been, however, extremely rare for a text to be written predominantly in classical Chinese.

Since the Bohr model is not perfectly accurate, due to fine structure, hyperfine splitting, and other such effects, the Rydberg constant cannot be directly measured at very high accuracy from the atomic transition frequencies of hydrogen alone.

Since their transition to Division III in 1997, the Choctaws have won 25 American Southwest Conference championships.

Since the temperature for brewing is less than the temperature for creating steam the machine requires time to make the transition from one mode to the other.

Since Kripke models are a special case of ( labelled ) state transition systems, bisimulation is also a topic in modal logic.

Since 2010, he has been Chairman of the Carbon War Room, an independent non-profit organization focused on the global transition to a low carbon economy.

Since the T < sub > 0 </ sub > → S < sub > 0 </ sub > transition is very improbable, the T < sub > 0 </ sub > state instead decays by interacting with another T < sub > 0 </ sub > molecule:

Since Z enolates must react through a transition state that contains either a destabilizing syn-pentane interaction or an anti-Felkin rotamer, Z-enolates exhibit lower levels of diastereoselectivity in this case.

Since the transition maps between charts are biholomorphic, complex manifolds are, in particular, smooth and canonically oriented ( not just orientable: a biholomorphic map to ( a subset of ) C < sup > n </ sup > gives an orientation, as biholomorphic maps are orientation-preserving ).

Since excitation to a triplet state involves an additional " forbidden " spin transition, it is more probable that an excited singlet will form upon absorption of radiation.

Since a transition in spin multiplicity is observed, phosphorescence is another manifestation of intersystem crossing.

Since Franco's death, and Spain's transition to representative democracy, the FAI has continued to function.

Since the writer had established this democratic procedure in the beginning he had to go along with their decision -- after, of course, pointing out whether he thought their decision was a wise or an unwise one.

Since the late nineteenth century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development.

Since then, Guatemala's history has been divided into periods of democratic rule and periods of civil war and military juntas.

Since 1866, the Isle of Man has been a Crown Dependency and has democratic self-government.

Since Lithuania declared independence on March 11, 1990, it kept strong democratic traditions.

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations.

Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West in general and the United States in particular have improved significantly.

Since Independence, the party electoral system has been dominated by the Christian democratic Nationalist Party ( Partit Nazzjonalista ) and the social democratic Labour Party ( Partit Laburista ).

Since then there have been three democratic changes of government: in 1996, the democratic-liberal opposition and its leader Emil Constantinescu acceded to power ; in 2000 the Social Democrats returned to power, with Iliescu once again president ; and in 2004 Traian Băsescu was elected president, with an electoral coalition called Justice and Truth Alliance ( DA ).

Since the breakup of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia has instituted a stable, multi-party, democratic political system, characterized by regular elections, a free press, and an excellent human rights record.

Since becoming a western style constitutional democratic monarchy in 1932, for most of the time the country has been ruled by military governments.

Since it establishment, the State of Pakistan had the vision of having a federal parliamentary democratic republic form of government.

Since the defeat of the constitutional referendum in 2000, politics in Zimbabwe has been marked by a move from the norms of democratic governance, such as democratic elections, the independence of the judiciary, the rule of law, freedom from racial discrimination, the existence of independent media, civil society and academia.

Since 1975 the party system is dominated by the social democratic Socialist Party and the liberal conservative Social Democratic Party.

Since the early 1990s it has argued that most social democratic, as indeed socialist parties have moved so far to the right that there is little point trying to work within them.

: Since the Constitution of the United States says nothing about this subject, it is left to be resolved by normal democratic means, including the democratic adoption of provisions in state constitutions.

Since this rescript starts with a full quote from the Five Charter Oath of 1868 by the Meiji Emperor, the Emperor's true intention was that Japan had already been democratic in the Meiji era and was not democratized by the occupiers.

Since 1719, when the influence of the few great territorial families had been merged in a multitude of needy gentlemen, the first estate had become the nursery and afterwards the stronghold of an opposition at once noble and democratic which found its natural leaders in such men as Count Carl Gyllenborg and Count Carl Gustaf Tessin.

Since this curriculum strives to reflect the values and principles of a democratic society there seems to be an opportunity for critical literacy and Media Education in Languages and Culture courses.

Since it requires governments to legislate to prevent their citizens from purchasing goods at cheaper prices from other markets, and since this is clearly not in their citizens ' interests, many governments in democratic countries have chosen not to protect anti-competitive technologies such as DVD region-coding.