Eudaemonists generally reply that the universe is moral and that, in Socrates ' words, “ No evil can happen to a good man, either in life or after death ,” or, in Jesus ' words, “ But he who endures to the end will be saved .”

Plato famously formalized < nowiki > the </ nowiki > Socratic elenctic style in prose — presenting Socrates as the curious questioner of some prominent Athenian interlocutor — in some of his early dialogues, such as Euthyphro and Ion, and the method is most commonly found within the so-called " Socratic dialogues ", which generally portray Socrates engaging in the method and questioning his fellow citizens about moral and epistemological issues.

Socrates is the speaker of The Republic, but it is generally believed that the thoughts expressed are Plato's.

It is generally believed that Møller had a maieutic relationship with Kierkegaard, hence Kierkegaard's description of Møller as, “ the confidant of Socrates ”.

( This thesis is generally regarded as stemming from the Socrates of Plato ’ s earlier dialogues.

There we used to wait talking with one another until the opening of the doors ( for they were not opened very early ); then we went in and generally passed the day with Socrates.

Though some scholars have argued that the long speech of Socrates contains later additions, and opinion is divided as to which author was first to write a Socratic symposium, recent scholarship generally holds that Xenophon wrote the Symposium in the second half of the 360s, benefiting from Plato's former Socratic literature.

In The Consolations of Philosophy, de Botton attempts to demonstrate how the teachings of philosophers such as Epicurus, Montaigne, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Seneca, and Socrates can be applied to modern everyday woes such as unpopularity, feelings of inadequacy, financial worries, broken hearts, and the general problem of suffering.

Many historical figures, including Socrates, Lord Byron, Edward II, and Hadrian, have had terms such as gay or bisexual applied to them ; some scholars, such as Michel Foucault, have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary social construct of sexuality foreign to their times, though others challenge this.

Socrates ' most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a number of dialogues, which applied the Socratic method of inquiry to examine philosophical problems.

Many historical figures, including Socrates, Lord Byron, Edward II, and Hadrian, have had terms such as gay or bisexual applied to them ; some scholars, such as Michel Foucault, have regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary construction of sexuality foreign to their times, though others challenge this.

* Socrates, method of execution

In Plato's early dialogues, Socrates uses the elenctic method to investigate the nature or definition of ethical concepts such as justice or virtue.

In particular, the Babylonian text Dialogue of Pessimism contains similarities to the agonistic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialectic and dialogs of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic method of Socrates.

They are also credited as a source of the dialectic method used by Socrates.

The Babylonian text Dialog of Pessimism contains similarities to the agonistic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogs of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic Socratic method of Socrates.

In comparison, Socrates accepted no fee, instead professed a self-effacing posture, which he exemplified by Socratic questioning ( i. e. the Socratic method, although Diogenes Laertius wrote that Protagoras — a sophist — invented the " Socratic " method ).

The Socratic method ( also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, Socratic irony, or Socratic debate ), named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.

Aristotle attributed to Socrates the discovery of the method of definition and induction, which he regarded as the essence of the scientific method.

Socrates promoted an alternative method of teaching which came to be called the Socratic method.

Socrates saw this as a paradox, and began using the Socratic method to answer his conundrum.

The motive for the modern usage of this method and Socrates ' use are not necessarily equivalent.

Socrates rarely used the method to actually develop consistent theories, instead using myth to explain them.

The Parmenides shows Parmenides using the Socratic method to point out the flaws in the Platonic theory of the Forms, as presented by Socrates ; it is not the only dialogue in which theories normally expounded by Plato / Socrates are broken down through dialectic.

As a method of execution, poison has been ingested, as the ancient Athenians did ( see Socrates ), inhaled, as with carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide ( see gas chamber ), or injected ( see lethal injection ).

Socrates is said to have pursued this probing question-and-answer style of examination on a number of topics, usually attempting to arrive at a defensible and attractive definition of a virtue.

While Socrates ' recorded conversations rarely provide a definite answer to the question under examination, several maxims or paradoxes for which he has become known recur.

" However Xenophon does not mention Socrates as believing in reincarnation and Plato may have systematised Socrates ' thought with concepts he took directly from Pythagoreanism or Orphism.

In Plato's early dialogues, the elenchus is the technique Socrates uses to investigate, for example, the nature or definition of ethical concepts such as justice or virtue.

This appropriation of Socrates leads her to introduce novel concepts of conscience ( which gives no positive prescriptions but instead tells me what I cannot do if I would remain friends with myself when I re-enter the two-in-one of thought where I must render an account of my actions to myself ) and morality ( an entirely negative enterprise concerned with non-participation in certain actions for the sake of remaining friends with one's self ).

In philosophy, maieutic concepts historically have their origin in Plato's dialogues of Socrates.

Miller is an exponent of the existence of the so-called " unwritten teachings " of Plato: the controversial idea that Plato taught advanced concepts to his students at the Academy beyond those explicitly discussed by Socrates in Plato's dialogues.

Socrates then proceeds to explain why philosophers seem clumsy and stupid to the common lot of humanity.

He draws the conclusion that to an observer he and Protagoras would seem as crazy, having argued at great lengths only to mutually exchanged positions with Socrates now believing that virtue can be taught and Protagoras that all virtues are one instead of his initial position ( 361a ).

This style of building up a picture wherein it becomes clear that praiseworthy virtues in their highest form, even virtues like courage, seem to require intellectual virtue, is a theme of discussion which Aristotle chooses to associate in the Nicomachean Ethics with Socrates, and indeed it is an approach we find portrayed in the Socratic dialogues of Plato.

Socrates then proceeds to give Phaedrus credit for leading him out of his native land: " Yet you seem to have discovered a drug for getting me out ( dokei moi tes emes exocou to pharmakon heurekenai ).

Many of the dialogues seem to use Socrates as a device for Plato's thought, and inconsistencies occasionally crop up between Plato and the other accounts of Socrates ; for instance, Plato has Socrates constantly denying that he would ever accept money for teaching, while Xenophon's Symposium clearly has Socrates stating that he is paid by students to teach wisdom and this is what he does for a living.

Using his characteristic Socratic method, Socrates makes Meletus to seem an inarticulate fool.

However, Socrates, in Plato's dialogue Protagoras, noting Spartans ' ability to seemingly effortlessly throw off pithy comments, appears to reject the idea that Spartans ' economy with words was simply a consequence of poor literary education: "... they conceal their wisdom, and pretend to be blockheads, so that they may seem to be superior only because of their prowess in battle ...

In the final speech before Alcibiades arrives, Socrates gives his encomium of love and desire as a lack of being, namely, the being or form of beauty.

Returning debts owed, and helping friends while harming enemies, are common sense definitions of justice that, Socrates shows, are inadequate in exceptional situations, and thus lack the rigidity demanded of a definition.