French demographer, anthropologist and historian Alfred Sauvy, in an article published in the French magazine L ' Observateur, August 14, 1952, coined the term Third World, referring to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War His usage was a reference to the Third Estate, the commoners of France who, before and during the French Revolution, opposed priests and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively.

* Yulian Bromley ( 1921 – 1990 ), Soviet anthropologist

In his article “ The Albanian Myth ” Russian historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann demonstrated that Azerbaijani academics have been “ renaming prominent medieval Armenian political leaders, historians and writers, who lived in Karabakh and Armenia into “ Albanians .” Victor Schnirelmann argues that these efforts were first launched in the 1950s and were directed towards “ ripping the population of early medieval Karabakh off from their Armenian heritage ” and “ cleansing Azerbaijan of Armenian history .” In the 1970s, Azerbaijan made a transition from ignoring, discounting or concealing Armenian historical heritage in Soviet Azerbaijan to misattributing and mischaracterizing it as examples of Azerbaijani culture by arbitrarily declaring “ Caucasian Albanians ” as ancestors of modern Azerbaijanis.

Soviet anthropologist Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov reconstructed the heads of Timur, his son Shah Rukh and grandson Ulug Beg, with Timurlane being closer to the Mongoloid type, while Shah Rukh, the son of a Tajik woman, had Europoid features.

Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko (; January 16, 1885, Kharkov-July 16, 1969, Leningrad ) was a prominent Russian / Soviet anthropologist and archaeologist who discovered and excavated the most celebrated of Scythian burials, Pazyryk in Siberia.

Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev () ( 1 October 1912, St. Petersburg – 15 June 1992, St. Petersburg ), was a Soviet historian, ethnologist and anthropologist.

* 1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union, August Coup: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine.

* 1989 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.

* 1991 – Collapse of the Soviet Union – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.

* 1985 – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declares a moratorium on the deployment of middle-range missiles in Europe.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union was able to depose Karmal and replace him with Mohammad Najibullah.

Later, Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, one of the most prominent officers of the Red Army of the Soviet Union during the inter-war years, developed the concept of deep operations from his experiences of the Polish-Soviet War.

According to Pasternak, during the 1937 show trial of General Iona Yakir and Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the Union of Soviet Writers requested all members to add their names to a statement supporting the death penalty for the defendants.

The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was finally ended with the Soviet non-invasion of Poland during the 1980-1981 crisis and later refusal of Mikhail Gorbachev to use military force when Poland held free elections in 1989 and Solidarity defeated the Communist Party.

Allied with a number of Chinese Communists and advised by Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan.

Chiang allowed for the " escape " of Soviet agent and advisor Mikhail Borodin and Soviet military officer Vasily Blücher ( Galens ) to safety after the purge.

From then on, until the ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Central Committee played a minor role in the running of the party and state – the Politburo was the highest political organ in the Soviet Union.

From 1966 to 1976, Alexei Kosygin, Podgorny and Mikhail Suslov, all leading officials, attended a Central Committee meeting once ; it was in 1973 to ratify the Soviet Union's treaty with West Germany.

Greater political and social freedoms, instituted by the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, created an atmosphere of open criticism of the communist regime.

His most significant legacy to the Soviet Union was his discovery and promotion of Mikhail Gorbachev.

Following the death of terminally ill Konstantin Chernenko, the Politburo elected Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) in March 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership.

* 1986 – Revolt in Kazakhstan against Communist Party of Kazakhstan, known as Zheltoksan, which becomes the first sign of ethnic strife during Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's tenure

* 1989 – Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, US President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the cold war between Nato and The Soviet Union may be coming to an end.

* 1949 – Mikhail Boyarsky, Soviet / Russian actor and singer

Only after the ascendancy of Mikhail Gorbachev to Soviet leadership in 1985 did mass media in Finland gradually begin to criticize the Soviet Union more.

Soviet engineer Mikhail Kalashnikov quickly adapted the German concept, using a less-powerful 7. 62 × 39mm cartridge derived from the standard 7. 62 × 54mmR Russian battle rifle round, to produce the AK-47, which has become the world's most widely used assault rifle.

* 1963 – The Soviet nuclear powered submarine K-33 collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M / S Finnclipper in the Danish straits.

The AVL tree is named after its two Soviet inventors, G. M. Adelson-Velskii and E. M. Landis, who published it in their 1962 paper " An algorithm for the organization of information.

* During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Soviet embassy, in Washington, D. C. was renamed " Andrei Sakharov Place " as a form of protest against his 1980 arrest and detention.

* Robert S. Norris & Hans M. Kristensen, " Nuclear U. S. and Soviet / Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1959-2008 "

During the Winter war, Finnish ski troops became known for appearing out of woods to a road used by a Soviet column, opening fire with M / 31s and disappearing into the woods on the other side of the road, and during the Continuation war the Finnish Sissi patrols would often equip every soldier with M / 31s.

** The Soviet nuclear powered submarine K-33 collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M / S Finnclipper in the Danish Straits.

Law degree-jurist ( often compared to an LL. M., but in fact equivalent to the degree of Specialist specific to the Soviet educational system ) is awarded in Russia and Ukraine after 5 years of study at a university.

Deep operations was developed by Soviet military theorists, among them Marshal M. N. Tukhachevsky, during the 1920s based on their experiences in World War I and the Russian Civil War.

* Morozov, Mikhail M. Shakespeare on the Soviet Stage ( London: Open Library, 1947 )

In 1929 Walter Kreiser, one of the writers for Die Weltbühne, published an expose of the training of a special air unit of the Reichswehr, referred to as Abteilung M (" M Battalion "), which was secretly training in Germany and in Soviet Russia, in violation of Germany's agreements under the Treaty of Versailles.

Soviet T-62 M main battle tank withdraws from Afghanistan

In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary " thaw " in the Cold War.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. wrote in 1949: " the special Soviet advantage — the warhead — lies in the fifth column ; and the fifth column is based on the local Communist parties.

For example, Simo Häyhä is credited with killing 505 Soviet soldiers, many falling victim to his Finnish M / 28-30 Mosin – Nagant rifle.

Demographics of Soviet Union, Data of Andreev, E. M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991.

Tomb in foreground is that of a relatively minor Soviet official, M. P. Georgadze

With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to " Vietnamization ," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves.

* Electronika BK0010 (- 01 ) & BK0011 ( M ) Soviet PC

Ronald M. Schneider, an outside researcher who examined the PBHistory documents, reported that the documents did not indicate that the Republic of Guatemala was controlled by the USSR, and found substantial evidence that Guatemalan Communists acted independently, without orders or support from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in Moscow.

* Russian and Soviet schools of physics ( I. M. Lifshitz, A. Yu.

Less than a decade after the development of the first practical rotorcraft of any type with the autogyro, in the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut ( TsAGI,, ), constructed and flew the TsAGI 1-EA single rotor helicopter, which used an open tubing framework, a four blade main rotor, and twin sets of 1. 8-meter ( 6-foot ) diameter anti-torque rotors ; one set of two at the nose and one set of two at the tail.