Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at great cost.

Later arose the city-states of Athens and Sparta among many others that constituted the Athenian Empire and Hellenic Civilization.

Several strategy games, such as Rise of Nations, Rome: Total War, Spartan Total Warrior, Empire Earth, Civilization, Ancient Wars: Sparta, Age of Empires, Etrian Odyssey III: The Drowned City and Age of Mythology, feature infantry units called " Hoplites " or " Phalanx ".

After 1832, when Greece had gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, European travelers and scholars began to systematically tour Sparta and the Peloponnnese.

The city proceeded to conquer all of Greece save for Sparta and its allies, and became known as the Athenian Empire.

* 412 BC: The Persian Empire starts preparing an invasion of Ionia and signs a treaty with Sparta about it.

Xenophon's successful march through the Achaemenid Empire encouraged Sparta to turn on the Persians and begin a series of wars against the Persians in Asia Minor.

Xenophon's successful march through the Persian Empire encourages Sparta to turn on the Persians and begin wars against the Persians in Asia Minor.

Croesus, now feeling secure, formed an alliance with Sparta in addition to those he had with Amasis II of Egypt and Nabonidus of Babylonia, and launched his campaign against the Persian Empire in 547 BC.

Prominent examples include the Ancient Assyrian Empire, the Greek city state of Sparta, the Roman Empire, the Aztec nation, the Kingdom of Prussia, the British Empire, the Empire of Japan, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( which would later become part of the Soviet Union ), the Italian Colonial Empire during the reign of Benito Mussolini, Nazi Germany and American Imperialism.

The CD Space Navy escapes to the planet Sparta, which eventually becomes the nucleus of the " Empire of Man ".

The battle was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens and Corinth, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.

Sparta and the Fleet soon begin the Formation Wars, taking advantage of the political, economic, and technological vacuum caused by the collapse of Earth to reunify the human colonies under Sparta's leadership and form the Empire of Man.

In the thirtieth century, Lysander IV of Sparta proclaims the formation of the Second Empire of Man, and pledges to unite humanity by force if necessary, in order to prevent future wars of the magnitude of the one that ended the First Empire.

However it is certain that Sparta lies in the direction of the Coalsack Nebula from Earth, with another part of the Empire, known as the Trans-coalsack Sector on the other side of that nebula, where most of the action of the two Motie novels takes place.

The battle took place simultaneously with the more famous land battle at Thermopylae, in August or September 480 BC, off the coast of Euboea and was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens, Corinth and others, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.

It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens, Corinth and Megara, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I.

In Sparta, Alcibiades gave the members of the Peloponnesian League critical information on the Athenian Empire.

Some, like Cimon, son of Miltiades, believed that Athens should ally with Sparta against the Persian Empire.

In the Peloponnesian War, which had ended in 404 BC, Sparta had enjoyed the support of nearly every mainland Greek state and the Persian Empire, and in the months and years following that war, a number of the island states of the Aegean had come under its control.

It allied itself to Sparta, until 394 BC ; King Agesilaus of Sparta crossed here while returning to Greece.

Agesilaus II, or Agesilaos II () ( 444 BC – 360 BC ) was a king of Sparta, of the Eurypontid dynasty, ruling from approximately 400 BC to 360 BC, during most of which time he was, in Plutarch's words, " as good as thought commander and king of all Greece ," and was for the whole of it greatly identified with his country's deeds and fortunes.

In 394 BC, while encamped on the plain of Thebe, he was planning a campaign in the interior, or even an attack on Artaxerxes II himself, when he was recalled to Greece owing to the war between Sparta and the combined forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Argos and several minor states.

His prudence and heroism preserved an un-walled Sparta against the revolts and conspiracies of helots, perioeci and even Spartans, and against her enemies, four different armies led by Epaminondas, that penetrated Laconia that same year, and again in 362 BC when they all but succeeded in seizing the city by a rapid and unexpected march.

After the King's Peace 387 BC, Sparta was anxious to re-establish its presence in the north of Greece.

In 391 BC he was one of the ambassadors sent to Sparta to discuss peace terms, but the negotiations failed.

His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death, Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost.

All the incidents subsequent to the appeal of Athens to Sparta are expressly referred by Herodotus to the interval between the sending of the heralds in 491 BC and the invasion of Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC ( cf.

In 510 BC, with the aid of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta, the Athenian people had expelled Hippias, the tyrant ruler of Athens.

The Romans started to use catapults as arms for their wars against Syracuse, Macedon, Sparta and Aetolia ( 3rd – 2nd century BC ).

In the Peloponnesian War ( c. 431 BC-404 BC ), Megara was an ally of Sparta.

The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.

Conflict between the states flared up again in 465 BC, when a helot revolt broke out in Sparta.

At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly.

Sparta was later humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, but it was all brought to an end a few decades later when Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece.

In the 5th century BC, Dorian Thera did not join the Delian League with Athens ; and during the Peloponnesian War, Thera sided with Dorian Sparta, against Athens.

His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC.

* 491 BC: Leotychidas succeeds his cousin Demaratus as king of Sparta

Sparta and her Social Problems, Academia, Prague, 1971

Their palace ( ἀνάκτορον ) has been discovered ( the excavations started in 1926 and continued until 1995 ) in Pellana, Laconia, to the north-west of modern ( and classical ) Sparta.

Their mother was Leda, but Castor was the mortal son of Tyndareus, king of Sparta, and Pollux the divine son of Zeus, who visited Leda in the guise of a swan.

Their success led to a small industry of forging anchors in Sparta, but by the end of the Civil War the forge industry in Sparta had come to an end.

Their victory at Oenophyta allowed Athens to defeat Aegina later in the year, and to finish the construction of the Long Walls to the Athenian port of Piraeus ( an action opposed by Sparta ).

Their general, Epaminondas, crushed Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, inaugurating a period of Theban dominance in Greece.

Their major rivals, such as Sparta Praha, had started to acquire major sponsorship deals.

Their marriage is mentioned in Book 4 of the Odyssey, when Telemachus, son of Odysseus, visits Sparta and meets Helen and Menelaus.

Their main production centres were Sparta, Argos and Corinth, in Peloponnesus.

Their next title was God of War: Ghost of Sparta, collaboratively developed with Sony's Santa Monica Studio for the PSP, with their new proprietary engine.

Their territory, the Perioikis ( Περίοικις ), formed part of their territory within Sparta itself.

Their territory was inhospitable, but was of strategic importance for Sparta since it controlled the road to Tegea, which explains why it rapidly fell in Spartan hands.