Sputtering which is observed to occur below the threshold energy of physical sputtering, is also often called chemical sputtering.

Sputtering is one of the forms of space weathering, a process that changes the physical and chemical properties of airless bodies, such as asteroids and our moon.

* What is Sputtering?

Typically made of a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides, the coating is Sputtering | sputtered away through normal use, often eventually resulting in lamp failure.

Sputtering occurs when a metal, most often aluminum, is vaporized and the polyester film is passed through it.

Sputtering is also used in materials science for extending surface analytical techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry or electron spectroscopy ( XPS, AES ) so that they can depth profile them.

Sputtering can also play a role in reactive ion etching ( RIE ), a plasma process carried out with chemically active ions and radicals, for which the sputtering yield may be enhanced significantly compared to pure physical sputtering.

* Sputtering Basics-animated film of a sputtering process

* Sputtering relies on a plasma ( usually a noble gas, such as argon ) to knock material from a " target " a few atoms at a time.

Sputtering from a linear collision cascade.

Sputtering usually uses an argon plasma.

Sputtering removes thin outer layers of a surface so that AES can be used to determine the underlying composition.

This high supersaturation causes a very large nucleation density on the surface as compared to Molecular Beam Epitaxy or Sputtering Deposition.

A concept of responsibility is in process of articulation and establishment.

An approach that has appealed to some choreographers is reminiscent of Charles Olson's statement of the process of projective verse: `` one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception ''.

According to Katherine Litz, `` the becoming, the process of realization, is the dance ''.

The process stipulates that the choreographer sense the quality of the initial movement he has discovered and that he feel the rightness of the quality that is to follow it.

She, too, is concerned with `` the becoming, the process of realization '', but she does not think in terms of subtle variations of spatial or temporal patterns.

In its place is a passionate consciousness grasped and molded to feelings of positive or negative values even as the actions of one's life are determined by constellations of process in which one is caught.

But it is a clumsy and wasteful process: it can produce negative results but not much that is positive.

In the case of social decay, form is displaced simply by the process of dissolution with no form at the terminus of the process.

Within institutions there is a marked decline of the process of persuasion and the substitution of a force-fear process which masquerades as the earlier one of persuasion.

The continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process.

Social process is always anchored in past predisposition ; ;

Britain in the nineteenth century is a textbook designed `` to give the sense of continuous growth, to show how economic led to social, and social to political change, how the political events reacted on the economic and social, and how new thoughts and new ideals accompanied or directed the whole complicated process ''.

Each year another grade is added to the process, until finally all 12 grades are integrated.

But it is in the process of so doing because it apparently gives priority to trying to downgrade John F. Kennedy.

In still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity, the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible.

Aid is a long-term process

It is an answer in its way, individual and highly dramatic, to the charge that the democratic process is necessarily vicious in its campaign characteristics.

But this we know: Here is a great life that in every area of American politics gives the American people occasion for pride and that has invested the democratic process with the most decent qualities of honor, decency, and self-respect.

It is but part of the whole process within the Department that goes into the making of the final recommendation to the appeal board.

It was recognized years ago that the transition from daytime to nighttime propagation conditions, and vice versa, is not an instantaneous process, but takes place over periods of time from roughly 2 hours before sunset until about 2 hours after sunset, and again from roughly 2 hours before sunrise until some 2 hours after sunrise.

It is not possible to reconstruct fully the arrangements whereby these honors lists were then made up or even how the names that they contained assumed the order in which we find them.

The only real problem is to devise a plan whereby the owners of the above-water land can develop their property without the public losing its underwater land and the right to its development for public use and enjoyment.

A solid immunity is the one effective circumstance whereby attack by a specific agent can be neutralized.

Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group, systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit.

Oh-the-pain-of-it, that convention of Russian ballet whereby the girls convey the idea that they are all the daughters of impoverished Grand Dukes driven to the stage out of filial piety, is totally absent from the Kirov.

Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects, whereby subjects are called his liege subjects, because they are bound to obey and serve him ; and he is called their liege lord, because he should maintain and defend them ( Ex parte Anderson ( 1861 ) 3 El & El 487 ; 121 ER 525 ; China Navigation Co v Attorney-General ( 1932 ) 48 TLR 375 ; Attorney-General v Nissan 1 All ER 629 ; Oppenheimer v Cattermole 3 All ER 1106 ).

Wilson's disease is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder whereby an alteration of the ATP7B gene results in an inability to properly excrete copper from the body.

Politics of Armenia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is the head of government, and of a platform multi-party system.

Politics of American Samoa takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the Governor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.

The government operates under a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the Governor of American Samoa is the head of government.

A treaty was made whereby Ben-hadad restored the cities which his father had taken from Ahab's father ( that is, Omri, but see 15: 20, 2 Kings 13: 25 ), and trading facilities between Damascus and Samaria were granted.

What is typical for his entire career, however, is a concern for design as a Gesamtkunstwerk, a total work of art ; whereby he-together with his first wife Aino Aalto-would design not just the building, but give special treatments to the interior surfaces and design furniture, lamps, and furnishings and glassware.

Apostolic succession is the method whereby the ministry of the Christian Church is held to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession, which has usually been associated with a claim that the succession is through a series of bishops.

** Through initiatory experiences whereby the reality of Christ's death and resurrection are experienced ; Steiner believed this is the path people will increasingly take.

Arbitration, in the context of United States law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution — specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions ( through agreement or hearing ) to a neutral third party ( the arbitrator ( s ) or arbiter ( s )) for resolution.

* Conservation of Momentum: This equation applies Newton's second law of motion to a continuum, whereby force is equal to the time derivative of momentum.

A kindling effect also occurs in alcoholics whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode ; this is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re-exposure to alcohol.

Another setup commonly used for measuring chemotaxis and chemokinesis utilizes the under-agarose cell migration assay, whereby a layer of agarose gel is placed between a cell population and a chemoattractant.

' As a verb, it no longer signifies something that is, nor even existence in general, but rather the very act whereby any given reality actually is, or exists.