Jerzy Kossak was a prolific painter of mostly historic scenes featuring the famed Polish Uhlans on horses, usually sold on the spot, but also used for barter at times of the postwar economic slump, until his death before the end of Stalinism in Poland.

Poster " Study the great path of the Lenin-Stalin Party " Simultaneously, however, many people who profess Marxism or Leninism view Stalinism as a perversion of their ideas ; Trotskyists, in particular, are virulently anti-Stalinist, considering Stalinism a counter-revolutionary style of governance that used vaguely Marxist-sounding rhetoric to achieve power.

Khrushchev denounced the ornate style of high Stalinism for its wastefulness.

The year 1956 in Poland marked the end of Stalinism and as a result also of social realism as the only and obligatory style in art and literature.

Gheorghiu-Dej identified with Stalinism, and the more liberal Soviet government threatened to undermine his authority.

Indeed, Laurent Casanova and Marcel Servin pleaded for a critique of Stalinism in the light of the 1956 secret speech by Khrushchev, and they considered the political positions of the Gaullists to be distinct from the atlantist line of the government of the French Fourth Republic.

A few years after the RCG's foundation, disagreements emerged amongst its members regarding such topics as Stalinism and the South African government.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn suggested that Shelepin had been the choice of the surviving Stalinists in the government, who asked what " had been the point of overthrowing Khrushchev if not to revert to Stalinism?

His politics differed sharply from those of Stalinism, most prominently in opposing Socialism in One Country, which he argued was a break with proletarian internationalism, and in his belief in what he argued was a more authentic dictatorship of the proletariat based on working-class self-emancipation and mass democracy, rather than the unaccountable bureaucracy he saw as having developed after Lenin's death.

This minority anticipated that the Nazi dictatorship would be replaced with capitalism rather than by a socialist revolution, leading to the revival of Stalinism and social democracy.

Anarchists and some libertarian socialists reject the Marxist view that a transitional phase will be needed and accuse Marxism of being too authoritarian, though they have been much less critical of Libertarian varieties of Marxism than scientific communism, Leninism and Stalinism.

Karelians live, and did even more so before Stalinism and the Great Purges, also in vast areas east of Finland ( in Eastern Karelia, not marked on the map to the right ), where folklore, language and architecture during the 19th century was in the center of the Finns ' interest ( see Karelianism ), representing a " purer " Finnish culture than that of Southern and Western Finland, which had been for thousands of years in more contact with ( or " contaminated by ") Germanic and Scandinavian culture, of which the Kalevala and Finnish Art Nouveau are expressions.

Though Serov is generally considered less significant than Lavrentiy Beria in modern literature, his actions helped to bring Stalinism to Europe and to intensify the Stalinist process in the Soviet Union.

Trotskyists in particular believe that Stalinism contradicted authentic Marxism and Leninism, and they initially used the term " Bolshevik – Leninism " to describe their own ideology of anti-Stalinist ( and later anti-Maoist ) communism.

Tito in return rejected Stalinism and the Eastern bloc, forging a non-aligned position between East and West that developed into the Non-Aligned Movement and the development of an autonomous Marxist-Leninist ideology of Titoism.

Stalinism is the ideology that Joseph Stalin conceived and implemented in the Soviet Union, and is generally considered a branch of Marxist – Leninist ideology but considered by some historians to be a significant deviation from this philosophy.

* The Trotskyist Dissence ( 1928 ): In mid-1928, PC-SBIC suffered its first schism, when a small group of Marxist intellectuals broke with the political theses of PC-SBIC influenced by Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition, and its criticism to Stalinism prevailing as the official ideology of the Communist International and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Their goal was to help poor and underprivileged Salvadorans through the use of the Marxist-Leninist ideology ( strongly rejecting Stalinism ).

Censors also regarded some passages as anti-Soviet, especially the novel's criticisms of Stalinism, Collectivisation, the Great Purge, and the Gulag.

In his two volume work The Open Society and Its Enemies, Karl Popper used the term " conspiracy theory " to criticize the ideologies driving fascism, nazism, and Stalinism.

Mao Zedong ( Máo zé dōng ) added Marxism, Stalinism, and other communist thought.

The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism ; the latter, life under totalitarian rule.

The hypothesis that economic considerations were responsible for mass arrests during the period of Stalinism has been refuted on the grounds of former Soviet archives that have become accessible since the 1990s, although some archival sources also tend to support an economic hypothesis.

East Germany's culture was strongly influenced by communism and particularly Stalinism and was described by East German psychoanalyst Hans-Joachim Maaz in 1990 as having produced a " Congested Feeling " among East Germans as a result of the East German state's goal to protect people from dangers of deviant cultural influence and dangers of popular expression deviating from the state's ideals through enforcing official ideals through physical and psychological repression of these tendencies via its institutions, particularly the Stasi.

East Germany's culture was shaped by Communism and particularly Stalinism.

They began to concentrate primarily on securing and maintaining their power base by killing all their political adversaries, and secondarily on preserving Albania's independence and reshaping the country according to the precepts of Stalinism so they could remain in power.

The harshness with which Soviet affairs were conducted during Stalin's rule was subsequently repudiated by his successors in the Communist Party leadership, most notably by Nikita Khrushchev's repudiation of Stalinism in February 1956.

; Litvin, Alter L. Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium ( Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions ).

* Redefining Stalinism ( Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions ), edited by Harold Shukman.

Political scientist J. S. Maloy states that “ the twentieth century added Nazism and Stalinism to Jacobinism on the list of horrors for which Rousseau could be blamed.

Brian C. Anderson denounced Sartre as an apologist for tyranny and terror because of his support for Stalinism, Maoism, and Castro's regime in Cuba.

Many labor unions and workers ' parties worldwide were also influenced by Marxist ideas, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism, were developed from them.

These tendencies include Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism, and libertarian Marxism.

Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism.

Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism – Leninism and its derivatives, such as Stalinism, Maoism, and Trotskyism.

In post – Revolutionary Russia, Stalinism ( Socialism in one country ) and Trotskyism ( Permanent world revolution ) were the principal philosophies of Communism that claimed legitimate ideological descent from Leninism ' thus, within the Communist Party, each ideological faction denied the political legitimacy of the opposing faction.

; Trotskyism vs. Stalinism

The European Parliament has proclaimed 23 August, the anniversary of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact, as a European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, to be commemorated with dignity and impartiality.

In connection with the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact, an Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe parliamentary resolution condemned both communism and fascism for starting World War II and called for a day of remembrance for victims of both Stalinism and Nazism on 23 August.

In practice, a diplomatic mission usually denotes the resident mission, namely the office of a country's diplomatic representatives in the capital city of another country.

Despite the European origin of the liberal arts college, the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States.

A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra ( though still not a chamber orchestra ).

) When unqualified, M-theory now usually denotes this more general definition, rather than the one Witten originally advanced.

Further, in academic writing, though " myth " usually means a fundamental worldview story, even there it is occasionally ambiguous or clearly denotes " falsehood ", as in the " Christ myth theory ".

Ehyeh is usually translated " I will be ", since the imperfect tense in Hebrew denotes actions that are not yet completed ( e. g. Exodus 3: 12, " Certainly I will be with thee .").

This term usually implies a strong smoky flavor and often denotes a flavor reminiscent of barbecue sauce.

A frown denotes disapproval ; a smile usually means someone is pleased.

When spelled with a capital " A ", the word " Allies " usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I ( the Allies of World War I ), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II ( the Allies of World War II ).

These protocols are often initiated by a Code Blue, which usually denotes impending or acute onset of cardiac arrest or respiratory failure, although in practice, Code Blue is often called in less life-threatening situations that require immediate attention from a physician.

In Canada, especially in English, château usually denotes a hotel, not a house, and applies only to the largest, most elaborate railway hotels built in the Canadian Railroad golden age, such as the Château Lake Louise, in Lake Louise, Alberta, the Château Laurier, in Ottawa, the Château Montebello, in Montebello, Quebec, and the most famous Château Frontenac, in Quebec City.

In this usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of another's style ; although jocular, it is usually respectful.

The symbol "< tt > CR </ tt >" denotes a carriage return ( usually generated by a keyboard's " Enter " key ).

A related symbol is the whole rest ( or semibreve rest ), which usually denotes a silence for the same duration.

Tuples are usually written by listing the elements within parentheses "" and separated by commas ; for example, denotes a 5-tuple.

In the arts, opus number usually denotes a work of musical composition, a practice and usage established in the seventeenth century when composers identified their works with an opus number.

The expression denotes the moment when a television series loses its credibility due to predictable repetition or contrived extensions of its theme, usually as a result of the writers being unable to maintain its quality indefinitely.

Transmembrane domain usually denotes a single transmembrane alpha helix of a transmembrane protein.

So in mathematical terms a curve is defined by four coordinate functions ( where usually denotes the time coordinate ) depending on one parameter.

The term invasion usually denotes a strategic endeavor of substantial magnitude ; because the goals of an invasion are usually large-scale and long-term, a sizeable force is needed to hold territory, and protect the interests of the invading entity.

It is also used for " lacquer paint ", which typically denotes a paint that dries to a more than usually hard and smooth surface.

Different from the other colleges at the university, it continues to use a Swedish name form ( högskola ) which usually denotes an independent college.

A related symbol is the double whole rest ( or breve rest ), which usually denotes a silence for the same duration ( Read 1969, 93 ).