Several groups were established before the congress, which either opposed the Stalinist leadership ( the Ryutin Group ) or opposed socio-economic policies of the Stalinist leadership ( the Syrtsov – Lominandze Group, Eismont – Tolmachev Group and the group headed by Alexander Petrovich Smirnov amongst others ).

According to several Western historians, Stalinist agricultural policies were a key factor in causing the Soviet famine of 1932 – 1933, which the Ukrainian government now calls the Holodomor, recognizing it as an act of genocide.

For instance, Comintern records, on which Beevor relies for the comment above, are a very questionable source since Malraux had been critical of some Stalinist policies.

He felt that the Stalinist regimes that came into existence after 1945 were just extending the bourgeois revolution, i. e., the expropriation of the Prussian Junker class by the Red Army, through their agrarian policies and through the development of the productive forces.

During Tito ’ s era, his ideas specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of ( and often in opposition to ) what he referred to as the Stalinist and Imperialist policies of the Soviet Union.

Suslov was becoming progressively more critical of Khrushchev's policies, his political intransigence, and his campaign to eliminate what was left of the old Stalinist guard.

Yezhov was known as a devout Bolshevik and loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper on Stalinism in which he argued that since political unorthodoxy was impossible in a perfect Communist state ( such as the USSR ), any form of political opposition to Stalinist policies was actually evidence of conspiracy by " disloyal elements " to overthrow the Soviet state, thus requiring violence and state terrorism to " root out " these " enemies of the People "; this became in part the ideological basis of the purges.

Although Platonov was a Communist, his works were banned in his own lifetime for their skeptical attitude toward collectivization and other Stalinist policies.

Social stagnation began much earlier, with Brezhnev's rise to power, his revoking of several of the relatively liberal reforms of his predecessor, Nikita Khrushchev, and partial rehabilitation of Stalinist policies.

He was a member of the Communist Party of Germany until 1928, but soon rejected Stalinism and left the party in protest of its Stalinist policies.

Therefore, Tarle had to pay attention to the “ cult of personality ” which was such an important aspect of Stalinist policies during his period.

Following the rise of Nikita Khrushchev in the Soviet Union, Pauker was recast by Romania's leaders as having been a staunch ultra-Orthodox Stalinist, even though she had opposed or had attempted to moderate a number of Stalinist policies while she was in a leadership position.

All the four books contain scathing indictments of fascism and a general agreement with Stalinist policies.

He is noted for his anti-revisionist positions describing the Soviet project of collectivisation and industrialisation under Joseph Stalin as the working class's willing " forgo ( ing of ) consumption in order to build the mighty Soviet state " and other Stalinist policies.

Fylypovych was arrested in August 1935 during the Stalinist terror, presumably for his critical attitude to official Soviet cultural policies, and sentenced to 10 years in concentration camps.

* According to historian Roy Medvedev the term describes rehabilitation of Joseph Stalin, identification with him and the associated political system ( Stalinism ), nostalgia for the Stalinist period in Russia's history, restoration of Stalinist policies, and a return to the administrative terror of the Stalinist period while avoiding some of the worst excesses.

According to the Stalinist development policy of planned interdependence, all the economies of the socialist countries were linked tightly with that of the Soviet Union.

Starting from the political purges in the Soviet Union during the Thirties, similar “ brainwashing ” techniques were intermittently and less systematically used by most Stalinist regimes of the twentieth century.

Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist — indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever.

However after his death Joseph Stalin established Socialism in one country for the Soviet Union creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states, and purging the early Internationalist elements.

Malevich's assumption that a shifting in the attitudes of the Soviet authorities towards the modernist art movement would take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky's fall from power, was proven correct in a couple of years, when the Stalinist regime turned against forms of abstraction, considering them a type of " bourgeois " art, that could not express social realities.

As the head of the Fourth International, Trotsky continued in exile in Mexico to oppose the Stalinist bureaucracy in the Soviet Union.

Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post – World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.

The consolidation of Syngman Rhee's government in the South with American military support and the suppression of the October 1948 insurrection ended hopes that the country could be reunified by way of Stalinist revolution in the South, and from early 1949 Kim sought Soviet and Chinese support for a military campaign to reunify the country by force.

Although not entirely corrupted, Soviet historiography was characterized by complex competition between Stalinist and anti-Stalinist Marxist historians.

Religious freedom did not exist at all in many Communist countries such as Albania and the Stalinist Soviet Union, where the state prevented the public expression of religious belief and even persecuted some or all religions.

Stalinist rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union was officially designed to accelerate the Marxian development towards communism, stressing that such rapid industrialization was needed because the country was previously economically backward in comparison with other countries ; and that it was needed in order to challenge internal and external enemies of communism.

Soviet puppet Sheng Shicai extended Stalinist rule in Xinjiang province in the 1930s.

The ousting of Khrushchev in 1964 by his former party-state allies has been described as a Stalinist restoration by some, epitomised by the Brezhnev Doctrine and the apparatchik / nomenklatura " stability of cadres ," lasting until the period of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s and the fall of the Soviet Union.

The People's Republic of Albania, under the leadership of Stalinist Enver Hoxha, broke ties with the Soviet Union in 1960 following the Soviet de-stalinization process.

Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union did not abolish personal gun ownership during the initial period from 1918 to 1929, and the introduction of gun control in 1929 coincided with the beginning of the repressive Stalinist regime.

A trip to the Soviet Union to study Stalinist architecture also left a marked impression.

Ceaușescu's second decade was characterized by an increasingly brutal and repressive regime — by some accounts, the most Stalinist regime in the Soviet bloc.

Hall defended the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan, and supported the Stalinist principle of " Socialism in One Country ".

Molotov, an old-guard Stalinist, seemed increasingly out of place in this new environment, but he represented the Soviet Union at the Geneva Conference of 1955.

Because of Hoxha's dogmatic Stalinist adherence, Albania broke with the Soviet Union in 1960 and formally left the Warsaw Pact in 1968 following the Soviet de-stalinization.

The Soviet Union had a long history of state atheism, in which social success largely required individuals to profess atheism, stay away from churches and even vandalize them ; this attitude was especially militant during the middle Stalinist era from 1929-1939.

The musical, entitled ' Life of the Party ,' is a comedy based on Stalinist movie musicals of the Soviet Union.

This theory was advanced in opposition to the position held by the Stalinist faction within the Bolshevik Party that " socialism in one country " could be built in the Soviet Union.

Much like the identical positions of other Moscow-directed Stalinist parties, this position was changed immediately after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

Besides the internal support, Franco's rebellion had been backed from abroad by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, while the Second Spanish Republic was backed by the Stalinist Soviet Union and Mexico.

Gheorghiu-Dej, a firm Stalinist, was not pleased with the reforms in Nikita Khrushchev's Soviet Union after Stalin's death in 1953.

The League disagrees, arguing that whilst divisions in the Stalinist bureaucracy like the Tito split were possible, these parties would remain bureaucratic, and while they could carry out a bureaucratic, top down, social revolution and create post-capitalist property relations, there would need to be a political revolution against them as they were a bureaucratic caste, like Joseph Stalin's in the Soviet Union.

While Cannon and his allies regarded the Soviet Union as a " degenerated workers ' state ", Shachtman and his party argued that the Stalinist bureaucracy was following an imperialist policy in Eastern Europe.

There was Western support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian Civil War, the 1926 Soviet funding of a British general workers strike causing Britain to break relations with the Soviet Union, Stalin's 1927 declaration of peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries " receding into the past ," conspiratorial allegations during the 1928 Shakhty show trial of a planned British-and French-led coup d ' état, the American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933 and the Stalinist Moscow Trials of the Great Purge, with allegations of British, French, Japanese and Nazi German espionage.