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Starfish Prime, a high altitude nuclear test, created an artificial radiation belt that damaged or destroyed as many as one third of the satellites in low earth orbit at the time.
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Starfish and Prime
* 1962 – The Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test is conducted by the United States.
In July 1962, a 1. 44 megaton ( 6. 0 PJ ) United States nuclear test in space, above the mid-Pacific Ocean, called the Starfish Prime test, demonstrated to nuclear scientists that the magnitude and effects of a high altitude nuclear explosion were much larger than had been previously calculated.
Starfish Prime also made those effects known to the public by causing electrical damage in Hawaii, about away from the detonation point, knocking out about 300 streetlights, setting off numerous burglar alarms and damaging a telephone company microwave link.
Starfish Prime was the first successful test in the series of United States high-altitude nuclear tests in 1962 known as Operation Fishbowl.
The EMP damage of the Starfish Prime test was quickly repaired because of the ruggedness ( compared to today ) of the electrical and electronic infrastructure of Hawaii in 1962.
The relatively small magnitude of the Starfish Prime EMP in Hawaii ( about 5600 volts / metre ) and the relatively small amount of damage done ( for example, only 1 to 3 percent of streetlights extinguished ) led some scientists to believe, in the early days of EMP research, that the problem might not be as significant as was later realized.
Newer calculations showed that if the Starfish Prime warhead had been detonated over the northern continental United States, the magnitude of the EMP would have been much larger ( 22 to 30 kilovolts / metre ) because of the greater strength of the Earth's magnetic field over the United States, as well as the different orientation of the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes.
Although these weapons were much smaller ( 300 kiloton or 1. 3 PJ ) than the Starfish Prime test, since those tests were done over a populated large land mass ( and also at a location where the Earth's magnetic field was greater ), the damage caused by the resulting EMP was reportedly much greater than in the Starfish Prime nuclear test.
The 1. 4 Mt total yield 1962 Starfish Prime test had a gamma output of 0. 1 %, hence 1. 4 kt of prompt gamma rays.
In the Starfish Prime nuclear test, most satellite damage was due to damage to the solar panels from satellites passing through radiation belts created by the high altitude nuclear explosion.
This means that although a 10 kiloton weapon has only 0. 7 % of the total energy release of the 1. 44-megaton Starfish Prime test, the EMP will be at least 8 % as powerful.
Since the E1 component of nuclear EMP depends on the prompt gamma ray output, which was only 0. 1 % of yield in Starfish Prime but can be 0. 5 % of yield in pure fission weapons of low yield, a 10 kiloton bomb can easily be 5 x 8 % = 40 % as powerful as the 1. 44 megaton Starfish Prime at producing EMP.
In the thermonuclear Starfish Prime the fission yield was less than 100 % to begin with, and then the thicker outer casing absorbed about 95 % of the prompt gamma rays from the pusher around the fusion stage.
Transit 4B was notable for sustaining damage in a nuclear explosion, specifically the United States Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test in 1962.
Soviet officials claimed that manned spaceflights were impossible for a time due to a high-altitude nuclear test by the United States — probably Starfish Prime.
During the Hardtack Teak test in 1958 observers noted the damaging effects of the electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) caused by the explosions on electronic equipment, and during the Starfish Prime test in 1962 the EMP from a 1. 4 Mt warhead detonated over the Pacific damaged three satellites and also disrupted power transmission and communications across the Pacific.
This was the Starfish Prime event of nuclear test operation Dominic-Fishbowl.
One early test of electronic space warfare, the so-called Starfish Prime test, took place in 1962, when the United States exploded a ground-launched nuclear weapon in space to test the effects of an electromagnetic pulse.
Starfish and high
The Starfish test was one of five high altitude tests grouped together as Operation Fishbowl within the larger Operation Dominic, a series of tests in 1962 begun in response to the Soviet announcement on August 30, 1961 that they would end a three-year moratorium on testing.
Starfish and altitude
On July 9, 1962, at 09: 00: 09 Coordinated Universal Time, ( which was July 8, Honolulu time, at nine seconds after 11 p. m .), the Starfish Prime test was successfully detonated at an altitude of.
The Thor missile carrying the Starfish Prime warhead reached a maximum height of about 1100 km ( just over 680 miles ), and the warhead was detonated on its downward trajectory when it had fallen to the programmed altitude of.
Starfish and nuclear
It was developed to measure radiation before and after nuclear tests conducted during the US project Starfish.
* 4 June 1962, failed Starfish flight, Thor destroyed, nuclear device lost.
It provided information on the effects of radiation from nuclear explosions in space, as it was one of several satellites whose detectors provided data for the Starfish Prime test ; ultimately its solar cells were damaged by the radiation and it ceased operation.
Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States of America on July 9, 1962, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency ( which became the Defense Nuclear Agency in 1971 ).
* The Starfish EMP waveform measured by Richard L. Wakefield of Los Alamos led to a revolution in understanding this nuclear effect.
Immediately after the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test in 1962, the U. S. military realized it had no ability to collect accurate data on the intense and persistent radiation belts created by the blast.
Starfish and test
The Starfish test was originally planned as the second in the Fishbowl series, but the first launch ( Bluegill ) was lost by the radar tracking equipment and had to be destroyed in flight.
Starfish and created
reported in the Journal of Geophysical Research that Starfish Prime had created a belt of MeV electrons, and Wilmot Hess reported in 1968 that some Starfish electrons remained for five years.
Starfish and artificial
According to U. S. atomic veteran Cecil R. Coale, some hotels in Hawaii offered " rainbow bomb " parties on their roofs for Starfish Prime, contradicting some reports that the artificial aurora was unexpected.
In 2006, Palmer Dyal described the particle and field measurements of the Starfish diamagnetic cavity and the injected beta flux into the artificial radiation belt in the Journal of Geophysical Research.
Starfish and many
* In Roller Blade training, many of the moves reference SpongeBob, including the Starfish, the Flying Squirrel, and the Kung Fu.
; Starfish / Sea stars: There are many starfish which are not reef safe like crown-of-thorns starfish and chocolate chip sea star.
Shaun has written with many bands, most recently collaborating with Tim Rosewarne ( ex Big Pig, Chocolate Starfish ) on the Banana Boy project.
Starfish and one
The band's followup album, Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water, set a record for highest week-one sales of a rock album with over one million copies sold in the U. S. in its first week of release, with 400, 000 of those sales coming on its first day, making it the fastest-selling rock album ever, breaking the record held for 7 years by Pearl Jam's Vs.
Starfish and third
In 2000, Durst announced that the band's third studio album would be titled Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water.
* Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water is the third album by the Nu metal band Limp Bizkit, released on October 15, 2000 through Interscope Records.
Starfish and low
Despite its low budget it won the 1996 Golden Starfish award and did well at the Sundance Film Festival.
Starfish and at
Starfish Youth Music is based at Priory School and the young bands who take part regularly perform in local venues such as the Paddock and the All Saints ' Centre.
Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic system and a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface.
MTV aired a special in late 2000 where Limp Bizkit threw an album release party at the mansion to coincide with the release of their album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water.
Starfish contain a mix of these saponins and there have been at least 15 chemical studies seeking to characterise the saponins in the crown-of-thorns starfish.
After Pseudo Echo disbanded in 1990, Canham moved into record production including Chocolate Starfish's 1994 debut album, Chocolate Starfish, which peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart.
Image: MaoriBayStarfish. 39. JPG |' Starfish at Maori Bay '
She realized an early ambition, at age 19, when she launched her own fashion collection-“ Pinky Starfish .” Known for its dresses made from French vintage fabrics, the range was sold in Tracey Ross, Lisa Kline and Barney ’ s.
* Starfish Type: Mentioned at the end of episode 23 and appears at the very beginning of episode 24.
The Arm of the Starfish is Poly's first appearance, as such, but Meg Murry O ' Keefe was pregnant with her at the time of A Swiftly Tilting Planet.
Pages 19 – 21 of " A ' Quick Look ' at the Technical Results of Starfish Prime ", August 1962 states:
0.365 seconds.