It was discovered in 1874 by Henry John Stephen Smith and introduced by German mathematician Georg Cantor in 1883.

In the struggle between Stephen of England and Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England, the English Church slipped away from the close control the Normans had exercised.

* Stephen Henry Schneider ( 2004 ), Scientists debate gaia: the next century

Géza arranged the marriage of his son Stephen I of Hungary to Giselle of Bavaria, the daughter of Henry II.

Upon Henry ’ s death, the Norman and English barons ignored Matilda ’ s claim to the throne, and thus through a series of decisions, Stephen, Henry ’ s favourite nephew, was welcomed by many in England and Normandy as their new ruler.

When Stephen's son and heir apparent Eustace died in 1153, the king reached an accommodation with Henry of Anjou ( who became Henry II ) to succeed Stephen and in which peace between them was guaranteed.

Henry secured his position among the nobles by an act of political appeasement: he issued a coronation charter guaranteeing the rights of free English folk, which was subsequently evoked by King Stephen and by Henry II before Archbishop Stephen Langton called it up in 1215 as a precedent for Magna Carta.

To emphasise this shift, he refused to renew the legatine authority that Innocent II had granted to King Stephen ’ s brother, Henry of Blois.

The death of King Henry I of England and the ensuing rivalry between Stephen and Matilda gave the Welsh the opportunity to rise against the Normans.

Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands.

Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120 ; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge.

When Henry I died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry of Blois, a powerful ecclesiastic, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda.

Stephen's younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after Stephen.

The brothers formed a close-knit family group, and Adela encouraged Stephen to take up the role of a feudal knight, whilst steering Henry towards a career in the church, possibly so that their personal career interests would not overlap.

Theobald then agreed to the Normans ' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen.

Stephen agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2, 000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders.

Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way.

Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois ; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester.

Stephen marched north to Lincoln and agreed to a truce with Ranulf, probably to keep him from joining the Empress's faction, under which Ranulf would be allowed to keep the castle.

Stephen agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him, and the clergy gathered again in Winchester after Easter to declare the Empress " Lady of England and Normandy " as a precursor to her coronation.

When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace.

In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause.

At length on the death of King Stephen, Henry was recognised as king of England ( 19 December 1154 ), as agreed in the Treaty of Wallingford.

After limited campaigning and the siege of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry agreed a negotiated peace, the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir.

Theobald then agreed to the Normans ' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen.

Stephen agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2, 000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders.

Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois ; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester.

Stephen marched north to Lincoln and agreed to a truce with Ranulf, probably to keep him from joining the Empress's faction, under which Ranulf would be allowed to keep the castle.

Stephen agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him.

When Theobald refused yet again, Stephen and Eustace imprisoned both him and the bishops and refused to release them unless they agreed to crown Eustace.

In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause.

It was agreed that after Stephen died, he would be succeeded by Henry Plantagenet ( later King Henry II ), Matilda's son.

Once director Stephen Frears signed on to direct, he suggested using this technique and everyone agreed to use it.

Stephen won the political battle, but when his own son and heir, Eustace, died in 1153 he agreed that Matilda's son Henry would succeed him.

Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him ; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers ; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands ; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles ; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home.

* 1153-The Treaty of Wallingford ( Treaty of Winchester, Treaty of Westminster ), effectively ends the civil war caused by a dispute between Empress Matilda and her cousin King Stephen of England over the English crown, in which Stephen recognises Matilda's son Henry of Anjou as his heir.

* April 9 – The Treaty of Durham is signed between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland.

* November 6 – The Treaty of Walingford, under the direction of Theobald of Bec, reconciles Stephen of England and Matilda, ending " The Anarchy " which had occurred during their fight for the throne of England.

* February 5 – Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.

The U. S. Army under Stephen Kearny occupied the territory in 1846 during the Mexican-American War and Mexico recognized its loss to the United States in 1848 with the Mexican Cession in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

In 1153, the Treaty of Wallingford allowed Stephen should remain King of England for life and that Henry, the son of Geoffrey and Matilda should succeed him.

Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him ; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers ; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands ; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles ; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home.

Theobald was instrumental in the negotiations between Henry and Stephen that resulted in the Treaty of Wallingford, securing Henry's succession to the throne.

William was present as a witness when three charters were issued by Stephen at Lewes dated to the years 1148 – 53, therefore it appears that he remained loyal to the king until the Treaty of Wallingford ended the hostilities.

Founded in 1137 following the Treaty of Mautern, the partially constructed Romanesque church was solemnly dedicated in 1147 to St. Stephen in the presence of Conrad III of Germany, Bishop Otto of Freising, and other German nobles who were about to embark on the Second Crusade.