Stephen refused to confirm Michael ’ s election ; citing the conventions of the Lateran council, he sent letters and envoys to Michael, demanding that he stand down.

Immediately after his consecration he ordered the Roman people to swear fidelity to the Frankish king and Roman emperor Louis the Pious, after which Stephen sent envoys to the emperor notifying him of his election, and to arrange a meeting between the two at the emperor ’ s convenience.

Along with the Pallium ( the symbol of office for the archbishop ), Stephen sent another legate, with instructions to the Frankish nobility, insisting that they submit to Louis.

Unusually, Stephen was raised in his mother's household rather than being sent to a close relative ; he was taught Latin and riding, and was educated in recent history and Biblical stories by his tutor, William the Norman.

In 1127, William Clito, a potential claimant to the English throne, seemed likely to become the Count of Flanders ; Stephen was sent by the king on a mission to prevent this, and in the aftermath of his successful election, William Clito attacked Stephen's lands in neighbouring Boulogne in retaliation.

Stephen's accession to the throne still needed to be ratified by the Pope, however, and Henry of Blois appears to have been responsible for ensuring that testimonials of support were sent both from Stephen's elder brother Theobald and from the French king Louis VI, to whom Stephen represented a useful balance to Angevin power in the north of France.

Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham ; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Prince Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border.

In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife.

Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him ; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers ; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands ; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles ; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home.

According to Hungarian tradition, Pope Silvester II, with the consent of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, sent a magnificent jeweled gold crown to Stephen along with an apostolic cross and a letter of blessing officially recognizing Stephen as the Christian king of Hungary.

Stephen sent troops to the emperor's army, and in the Peace of Bautzen, in 1018, the Polish prince had to hand over the occupied territories to Stephen.

Shortly afterwards, Stephen sent troops to help Boleslaw I in his campaign against Kievan Rus '.

In 1027, Stephen had Bishop Werner of Strasbourg, the envoy sent by Conrad II to the Byzantine Empire, arrested at the frontier.

At Leo's death, the new Pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, while Victor's successor Stephen IX sent him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain recognition from the Empress Agnes de Poitou.

Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's brother Stephen, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in Armenia.

By 1111 the ranks had grown sufficiently at Cîteaux, and Stephen sent a group of 12 monks to start a " daughter house ", a new community dedicated to the same ideals of the strict observance of Saint Benedict.

* Early 19th century-Barbary Wars: Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis require America to pay protection money ; U. S. Navy sent in and forces abandonment of tribute ; other states demanded tribute until 1815 when Stephen Decatur again prevailed.

Before the trade deadline, the Spurs decided to part ways with Richard Jefferson and sent him to the Golden State Warriors for Stephen Jackson, who had been a member of the 2003 championship team.

Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII ( 1073 – 85 ), had been sent by the late Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 – 58 ) to the court of Empress Agnes ( mother and regent for Emperor Henry IV, then a minor ), who had questioned the validity of Stephen IX's election.

In the Wine-Dark Sea, book fifteen of the series, Stephen Maturin now has a Girolamo Amati and Aubrey a Guarneri.

Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome.

* Whist is often enjoyed by Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin whilst at sea in the Aubrey – Maturin series of novels by Patrick O ' Brian.

* Patrick O ' Brian: Series of novels featuring Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin in the British Navy set in the Napoleonic Wars

Patrick O ' Brian, CBE ( 12 December 1914 – 2 January 2000 ), born Richard Patrick Russ, was an English novelist and translator, best known for his Aubrey – Maturin series of novels set in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and centred on the friendship of English naval captain Jack Aubrey and the Irish – Catalan physician Stephen Maturin.

The books are set in the early 19th century and describe the life and careers of Captain Jack Aubrey and his friend, naval surgeon Dr. Stephen Maturin.

Fictional Naval Surgeon Stephen Maturin of Patrick O ' Brian's popular Aubrey – Maturin series series is a graduate of Trinity College.

Jack Aubrey and Dr Stephen Maturin late in the novel " Post Captain " by Patrick O ' Brian.

The firm was the American publisher of Oscar Wilde's Salomé, illustrated by Aubrey Beardsley ; The Yellow Book periodical, also illustrated by Beardsley ; and The Black Riders and Other Lines by Stephen Crane.

His only married sister, Mary, was the mother of the Catholic converts Aubrey Thomas de Vere, poet, and the Liberal Member of Parliament, Sir Stephen de Vere, 4th Baronet.

Stephen Maturin () is a fictional character in the Aubrey – Maturin series of novels by Patrick O ' Brian.

In The Reverse of the Medal Stephen uses part of his fortune to buy the recently decommissioned HMS Surprise, giving its command to Jack Aubrey ( who had recently been framed for stock manipulation and temporarily lost his commission ) to be used as a letter of marque.

It is fourth in the Aubrey-Maturin series of stories that follow the partnership of Captain Jack Aubrey and the naval surgeon Stephen Maturin.

Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin, having escaped from the Americans in Boston aboard, start their return journey to England aboard a packet ship.

Imprisoned in the Temple prison, Aubrey attempts to break out down the immense stone privy as Stephen is interrogated by French officers, who represent a different intelligence agency than Duhamel's.

The book is set during the Napoleonic Wars and concerns the adventures of naval commander Jack Aubrey, and his friend, ship's surgeon, naturalist and spy, Stephen Maturin.

It is third in the Aubrey-Maturin series of stories that follow the partnership of Captain Jack Aubrey and the naval surgeon Stephen Maturin.

It is second in the Aubrey – Maturin series of stories set in the early-nineteenth century, concerning the adventures of Captain Jack Aubrey and naval surgeon Stephen Maturin.

Johnson visits Aubrey who, unawares, makes free with his comments about Maturin, only to realise his folly later in a bedside conversation with Stephen.

The book opens with Captain Jack Aubrey and his lieutenants Pullings and Mowett aboard, waiting for Jack's friend, and the ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin to embark.

It was first published by HarperCollins in 1984 and is the tenth book in the Aubrey-Maturin series, concerning the adventures of naval commander Jack Aubrey, and his friend, ship's surgeon, naturalist and spy, Stephen Maturin.

Jean Froissart states as follows: " Now will I name some of the principal lords and knights ( men-at-arms ) that were there with the prince: the earl of Warwick, the earl of Suffolk, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Oxford, the lord Raynold Cobham, the lord Spencer, the lord James Audley, the lord Peter his brother, the lord Berkeley, the lord Basset, the lord Warin, the lord Delaware, the lord Manne, the lord Willoughby, the lord Bartholomew de Burghersh, the lord of Felton, the lord Richard of Pembroke, the lord Stephen of Cosington, the lord Bradetane and other Englishmen ; and of Gascon there was the lord of Pommiers, the lord of Languiran, the captal of Buch, the lord John of Caumont, the lord de Lesparre, the lord of Rauzan, the lord of Condon, the lord of Montferrand, the lord of Landiras, the lord Soudic of Latrau and other ( men-at-arms ) that I cannot name ; and of Hainowes the lord Eustace d ' Aubrecicourt, the lord John of Ghistelles, and two other strangers, the lord Daniel Pasele and the lord Denis of Amposta, a fortress in Catalonia ".

The traditional view is that developmental biology (' evo-devo ') played little part in the synthesis, but an account of Gavin de Beer's work by Stephen Jay Gould suggests he may be an exception.

* Russell, Stephen C., " Images of Egypt in early biblical literature " ( Walter de Gruyter, 2009 )

Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton.

St Stephen I's feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is celebrated on 2 August When in 1839 the new feast of St Alphonsus Mary de Liguori was assigned to 2 August, Saint Stephen I was mentioned only as a commemoration within the Mass of Saint Alphonsus.

de: Stephen King

de: Stephen Jay Gould

de: Stephen Lawhead

Stephen ( c. 1092 / 6 – 25 October 1154 ), often referred to as Stephen of Blois (, Medieval French: Estienne de Blois ), was a grandson of William the Conqueror.

Together with his close advisor, Waleron de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend England, including arresting a powerful family of bishops.

Meanwhile, Stephen had put down two revolts in the south-west led by Baldwin de Redvers and Robert of Bampton ; Baldwin was released after his capture and travelled to Normandy, where he became an increasingly vocal critic of the king.

Events in England meant that Stephen was unable to travel to Normandy himself, so Waleran de Beaumont, appointed by Stephen as the lieutenant of Normandy, and Theobald led the efforts to defend the duchy.

Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester.

Many of Stephen's supporters, including Waleron de Beaumont and William of Ypres, fled from the field at this point but Stephen fought on, defending himself first with his sword and then, when that broke, with a borrowed battle axe.

In late 1143, Stephen faced a new threat in the east, when Geoffrey de Mandeville, the Earl of Essex, rose up in rebellion against the king in East Anglia.

In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry.

In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause.

de: Stephen Schneider

de: Stephen Langton