Studies of the neuroscience of free will have also shown that the experiences that people report when they behave purposefully sometimes do not correspond to their actual behaviors or to the patterns of electrical activity recorded from their brains.

Studies on the impact of forestalling the creditors ' rights to enforce their security reach different conclusions.

Studies of Charles Darwin's notebooks have shown that Darwin arrived separately at the idea of natural selection which he set out in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, but it has been speculated that he may have had some half-forgotten memory from his time as a student in Edinburgh of ideas of selection in nature as set out by Hutton, and by William Charles Wells and Patrick Matthew who had both been associated with the city before publishing their ideas on the topic early in the 19th century.

Religious Studies professors Paul Nathanson and Katherine Young made similar comparisons in their 2001, three-book series Beyond the Fall of Man, which treats misandry as a form of prejudice and discrimination that has become institutionalized in North American society.

An example from Psychobiology of Personality by Marvin Zuckerman is alcoholism: Studies suggest that alcoholism is an inherited disease, but if a subject with a strong biological background of alcoholism in their family tree is never exposed to alcohol, they will not be so inclined regardless of their genome.

Rabbis ordained by Jewish Theological Seminary of America, the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies at the American Jewish University ( California ), The Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano ( Buenos Aires, Argentina ) and The Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies ( Jerusalem, Israel ) automatically become members of the RA upon their ordination.

As UC Irvine's Women's Studies professor Lynn Osen describes, when her parents found Sophie “ asleep at her desk in the morning, the ink frozen in the ink horn and her slate covered with calculations ,” they realized that their daughter was serious and relented.

In the Social Studies of Science journal, Bricmont and Sokal responded to Stolzenberg, denouncing his " tendentious misrepresentations " of their work, and criticizing Stolzenberg's commentary about the Strong programme.

Studies of this and other starburst galaxies have shown that their starburst phase can last for hundreds of millions of years, far longer than was previously assumed.

" Cultural Studies ' Misfit: White Trash Studies ", Mississippi Quarterly 2004 57 ( 3 ): 369-387, traces the emergence of ' white trash studies ' as a scholarly field by placing representative 20th-century popular images of ' white trash ' in their Southern economic and cultural contexts.

Somewhere in 1978 the Zork developers received notice from Tactical Studies Rules, who claimed that the name Dungeon infringed their trademark rights, and they subsequently changed the name back to Zork.

Later prototype mass drivers have been built since 1976 ( Mass Driver 1 ), some constructed by the U. S. Space Studies Institute in order to prove their properties and practicality.

" He thanked both of them for their help in his book, Studies of Fossil Fish.

Studies mostly cite the causes of death due to starvation or as caused ( ultimately by the lack-of-food induced ) weakening of resistance to endemic diseases which repeatedly reached epidemic proportions amongst the general Central European population — the German states were the battle ground and staging areas for the largest mercenary armies theretofore, and the armies foraged amongst the many provinces stealing the food of those people forced onto the roads as refugees, or still on the lands, regardless of their faith and allegiances.

Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as Glasgow have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech, infiltrating the traditional Glasgow patter.

Studies of bird migration including aspects of navigation, orientation and physiology are often studied using captive birds in special cages that record their activities.

Studies show a high incidence of psychiatric disorders in suicide victims at the time of their death with the total figure ranging from 98 % to 87. 3 % with mood disorders and substance abuse being the two most common.

Miracles: Cambridge Studies in their Philosophy and History.

Studies done on both right and left ear sufferers show that patients with their right ear affected tend to do significantly worse in cognitive performance.

Studies show that people who have a vitrectomy soon after a large hemorrhage are more likely to protect their vision than someone who waits to have the operation.

Studies ( notably The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two ) have suggested that the short-term memory of adult humans can hold only a limited number of items ; grouping items into larger chunks such as in a mnemonic might be part of what permits the brain to hold a larger total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turns can aid the creation of long-term memories.

Studies with animals have shown that an intact hippocampus is required for initial learning and long-term retention of some spatial memory tasks, particularly ones that require finding the way to a hidden goal.

Studies suggest that this method may reduce long-term complications such as Post-vasectomy pain syndrome.

Studies have been funded to determine short-and long-term environmental and genetic impacts.

Studies on the long-term effectiveness of Head Start are mixed.

Studies of these mutants have indicated the mechanisms that enable M. tuberculosis to mask its full pathogenic potential, inducing a granuloma that provides a protective niche, and enable the bacilli to sustain a long-term, persistent infection.

Studies conducted on red wolves support previous researchers ' contention that helpers obtain both immediate and long-term gains from cooperative breeding.

Studies show rapid rises in blood alcohol concentration over a short period of time severely impair or in some cases completely block the brain's ability to transfer short-term memories created during the period of intoxication to long-term memory for storage and later retrieval.

Studies looking at long-term outcomes for individuals with specific language impairments such as expressive language disorder track these individuals from childhood to adulthood.

Studies have generally asserted that 70-80 % of children with OMA will have long-term neurologic, cognitive, behavioral, developmental, and academic impairment.

Studies of a drug's toxicity include which organs are targeted by that drug, as well as if there are any long-term carcinogenic effects or toxic effects on mammalian reproduction.

Studies have found no significant long-term effects on memory, personality, or humor after the procedure, and minimal changes in cognitive function overall.

Studies have shown that long-term neuroimmune activation persists after the herpes infection in patients.

In 1921, Terman initiated the Genetic Studies of Genius, a long-term study of gifted children.

Studies of Russian cosmonauts, such as those on Mir, provide data on the long-term effects of space on the human body.

Studies have also been careful to note that feeling over-taxed by the needs of others has conversely negative effects on health and happiness.

Studies by Jeff Madura, Ray Sturm and others have demonstrated significant behavioral effects in stocks and exchange traded funds.

Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.

The authors used a global circulation model, ModelE from the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which they noted " has been tested extensively in global warming experiments and to examine the effects of volcanic eruptions on climate.

Studies in animals have indicated that bortezomib may also have clinically significant effects in pancreatic cancer.

Studies in animal models suggest that ritonavir may have inhibitory effects on the growth of glioma cells.

Studies are underway to determine the drug's effects on arachnoiditis and several types of cancers.

Studies are inconclusive about effects for other forms of nausea or in treating pain from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or joint and muscle injury.

Studies and reports include the effects of consolidation of public accounting firms, the role of credit rating agencies in the operation of securities markets, securities violations and enforcement actions, and whether investment banks assisted Enron, Global Crossing and others to manipulate earnings and obfuscate true financial conditions.

For example, the Dhaka Integrated Transport Studies conducted by the Ministry of Planning in 1991-1994 found that not only did the uncoordinated activities of Dhaka City Corporation ( DCC ), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha ( RAJUK ) and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority ( BRTA ) not yield the desired effects or alleviate the problems but also that there was no single organization responsible for improving the transport and traffic problems of the city.

Studies have found that spinal manipulation provides relief from low-back pain at least over the short term ( i. e., up to 3 months ), and that pain-relieving effects may continue for up to 1 year.

Later, researchers became interested in understanding the placebo effect, rather than just controlling for its effects, and in 2011, a Program in Placebo Studies was established at the Harvard Medical School.

Studies have been done that showed adverse reproductive effects in animal and human subjects.

Studies in animals and humans have observed hypocholesterolemic effects of Ilex paraguariensis aqueous extracts.

Studies investigating the effects of active sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased brain mass, and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death.

Studies regarding the health effects of these communities did not show any negative effects.

Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.

The Strassler Family Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies an interdiscplinary center which focuses on the causes and effects of Holocausts and Genocides around the world.

Studies testing the effects of borax exposure in animals show that excess boron causes skeletal malformations, cardiovascular defects and degeneration of the testis.

Studies of the effects of changes in the water level at the reservoir have resulted in the publishing of an ideal regime for such draw-downs to maximise the benefits to wildlife.

Studies have shown resveratrol possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in both streptozotocin ( STZ )- induced diabetes rats and STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetes rats.

Studies on human subjects who were administered two commercially available black cohosh preparations did not detect estrogenic effects on the breast .< ref name =" Ruhlen et al.

Studies by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center indicate poor glucose control can lead to deleterious effects on the dentate gyrus.