Since this picture was first developed by Ernst Stueckelberg, and acquired its modern form in Feynman's work, it is called the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of antiparticles to honor both scientists.

The pioneering work in this field was done by Stueckelberg, Landau, and Zener in the 1930s, in their work on what is now known as the Landau – Zener transition.

One way of describing the divergences was discovered in the 1930s by Ernst Stueckelberg, in the 1940s by Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Shin ' ichiro Tomonaga, and systematized by Freeman Dyson.

Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg ( February 1, 1905, Basel-September 4, 1984, Geneva ) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist.

To quote this paper, " The approach proposed by Stueckelberg was far more powerful, but was not adopted by others at the time ".

The technique of renormalization, suggested by Ernst Stueckelberg and Hans Bethe and implemented by Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga compensates for this effect and eliminates the troublesome infinities.

An early article by Ernst Stueckelberg and Andre Petermann in 1953 anticipates the idea in quantum field theory.

mixing of the Stueckelberg and the Standard Model sectors by including an additional term in the effective Lagrangian of the Standard Model given by

* blog post concerning Stueckelberg with comment by Petermann

Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman, Ernst Stueckelberg and Dominique Rivier.

The Stueckelberg Lagrangian of the StSM ( Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model ) consists of a gauge invariant kinetic term for a massive U ( 1 ) gauge field.

By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.

Stueckelberg and Petermann opened the field conceptually.

In field theory, the Stueckelberg action ( named after Ernst Stueckelberg, ( 1938 ), " Die Wechselwirkungskräfte in der Elektrodynamik und in der Feldtheorie der Kräfte ", Helv.

The first term above is the Stueckelberg field strength, and are topological mass parameters and is the axion.

* 1942 Ernst Stueckelberg introduces the propagator to positron theory and interprets positrons as negative energy electrons moving backwards through spacetime

Stueckelberg type couplings arise quite naturally in theories involving compactifications of higher dimensional string theory, in particular, these couplings appear in the dimensional reduction of the ten dimensional N = 1 supergravity coupled to supersymmetric Yang-Mills gauge fields in the presence of internal gauge fluxes.

* Feynman – Stueckelberg interpretation

# redirect Antiparticle # Feynman – Stueckelberg interpretation

Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after a Swiss physicist, Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier.

The Proca action is the gauge-fixed version of the Stueckelberg action via the Higgs mechanism.

In the context of intersecting D-brane model building, products of U ( N ) gauge groups are broken to their SU ( N ) subgroups via the Stueckelberg couplings and thus the Abelian gauge fields become massive.

The resulting Lagrangian will contain massive vector gauge bosons that acquire masses through the Stueckelberg mechanism.

In 1927 Stueckelberg got his Ph.

Stueckelberg: a forerunner of modern physics ," Nuovo Cimento 122B: 123-133.

Also during the 1970s, parallel developments in the study of phase transitions in condensed matter physics led Leo Kadanoff, Michael Fisher and Kenneth Wilson ( extending work of Ernst Stueckelberg, Andre Peterman, Murray Gell-Mann, and Francis Low ) to a set of ideas and methods known as the renormalization group.

Sing Sing's prisoner strike was motivated by a reasonable purpose, a fair break from parole boards.

It was neither a spirit of self-sacrifice nor a yen to encourage the downtrodden that motivated Arnold.

At the time, in the 1890s, the issue of land ownership in Ireland was politically charged, and after the events at the Valley House in 1894 Lynchehaun was to claim that his actions were motivated by politics.

The spread of the Akkadian state as far as the " silver mountain " ( possibly the Taurus Mountains ), the " cedars " of Lebanon, and the copper deposits of Magan, was largely motivated by the goal of securing control over these imports.

Fleming was the first to push these studies further by isolating the penicillin, and by being motivated enough to promote his discovery at a larger scale.

Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated " bad journalism " and that " the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives.

The term " ethnic cleansing " was used as an alternative to " genocide " to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.

In a subsequent letter to the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva, Pasternak explained that the attack was motivated by the fact that the supernatural elements of the play, which Novy Mir considered, " irrational ," had been translated as Goethe had written them.

Especially criticized was the A11 Zagreb-Sisak, suspected of being politically motivated and inefficiently built.

Black unrest and British pressure to abolish slavery motivated many Creoles to advocate Cuba's annexation by the United States, where slavery was still legal.

However, it was primarily poetry that motivated the young Smith and he confined his efforts for poetry for more than a decade.

This move was largely motivated by Fulham's failure thus far to gain promotion to the top division of English football.

Copernicus himself was mainly motivated by technical dissatisfaction with the earlier system and not by support for any mediocrity principle.

In addition, Biafra was disdainful of the reunion, and having long expressed his disdain for nostalgia and rock reunion / oldies tours in particular, argued that the whole affair was motivated by greed.

The above three-level database architecture also relates to and being motivated by the concept of data independence which has been described for long time as a desired database property and was one of the major initial driving forces of the Relational model.

Much research in graph theory was motivated by attempts to prove that all maps, like this one, could be graph coloring | colored with four color theorem | only four colors.

In graph theory, much research was motivated by attempts to prove the four color theorem, first stated in 1852, but not proved until 1976 ( by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, using substantial computer assistance ).

At 15, he was reading the original papers of Joseph Louis Lagrange, such as the landmark Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations which likely motivated his later work on equation theory, and Leçons sur le calcul des fonctions, work intended for professional mathematicians, yet his classwork remained uninspired, and his teachers accused him of affecting ambition and originality in a negative way.

The development of the frequentist account was motivated by the problems and paradoxes of the previously dominant viewpoint, the classical interpretation.

Margaret Atwood's Handmaid's Tale ( 1985 ) tells a dystopic tale of a society in which women have been systematically stripped of all liberty, and was motivated by fear of potential retrogressive effects on women's rights stemming from the anti-feminist backlash of the 1980s.

Like Descartes and Kant before him, he was motivated by the problem of subjectivity and consciousness.