Substances that act as inhibitors of the CYP3A4 enzyme such as ketoconazole, erythromycin, cimetidine and furanocoumarin derivates ( found in grapefruit ) lead to increased plasma levels of loratadine.

Substances that can inactivate (" poison ") the catalytic sites include arsenic, sulfides and other sulfur compounds, colloidal substances, alkaloids, and material found in living systems.

The phenomenon was discovered by telephone companies in the late 1940s and it was later found that the addition of lead to tin solder provided mitigation, but the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ), that took effect on July 1, 2006, restricted the use of lead in various types of electronic and electrical equipment.

Some strains of S. salivarius are found to produce BLIS ( Bacteriocin-like Inhibitory Substances ) which is an antimicrobial peptide.

A complete list of drugs scheduled in Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act can be found here.

Under CEPA 1999, both naturally occurring and genetically modified organisms are evaluated under the NSNR ( O ) according to the Guidelines for the Notification and Testing of New Substances and the Framework for Science-Based Risk Assessment of Micro-Organisms Regulated under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999.

Substances are classified according to schedules and consist primarily of potentially psychoactive substances.

Article 18 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances requires the Board to issue annual reports on its work.

The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes, however, that the plants containing it are not subject to international control :< ref >

Substances, in Aristotle, unite what they actually are now with everything they might become.

Substances or materials which undergo combustion are called fuels.

Substances that slow a catalyst's effect in a chemical reaction are called inhibitors.

Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.

Substances that reduce the action of catalysts are called catalyst inhibitors if reversible, and catalyst poisons if irreversible.

Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.

Substances like sugars and amino acids decompose readily and are considered " labile ".

Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar way are called gelatinous.

The remaining effect of this act, which has largely been superseded by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, is the warning "* Warning: May be habit forming " on labels, package inserts, and other places where ingredients are listed in the case of many opioids, barbiturates, medicinal formulations of cocaine, and chloral hydrate.

There are several conflicting views concerning the US availability of cough preparations containing ethylmorphine ( also called dionine or codethyline )— Feco Syrup and its equivalents were first marketed circa 1895 and still in common use in the 1940s and 1950s, and the main ingredient is treated like codeine under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

The elements of the crime of money laundering are set forth in the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

In any event, many countries are obligated by various international instruments and standards, such as the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, and the recommendations of the FATF to enact and enforce money laundering laws in an effort to stop narcotics trafficking, international organised crime, and corruption.

Substances that are negligibly affected by magnetic fields are known as non-magnetic substances.

* Substances that are metabolized by monoamine oxidase, as they can be boosted by up to several-fold.

Bulk dextropropoxyphene is in Schedule II of the United States Controlled Substances Act, while preparations containing it are in Schedule IV.

All Cynomys species are classed as a " prohibited new organism " under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.

The schools with the most-lasting effect in founding the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly as established in Rudolf Clausius ’ s 1865 textbook The Mechanical Theory of Heat, the Vienna school, with the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University, American engineer Willard Gibbs ' 1876 On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances launching chemical thermodynamics.

Substances that dissolve in water, e. g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide ( carbonation ) are known as hydrophilic ( water-loving ) substances, while those that are immiscible with water ( e. g., fats and oils ), are known as hydrophobic ( water-fearing ) substances.

* List of drugs, some of which are classified as " narcotics ," in the U. S. Controlled Substances Act ( CSA ).

Substances that caused birth defects and other adverse effects to the fetus, in the absence of recognized toxicity to mothers, were: genital abnormalities and vaginal cancer occurring among girls born to mothers given the estrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy ; phocomelia ( failure of growth of limb buds ) to babies born to mothers who took thalidomide to control nausea during pregnancy ; and Minamata disease, an epidemic of babies born with severe mental retardation and deformities due to mercury poisoning caused by mothers eating methylmercury contaminated fish from Minimata Bay in Japan.

In 2007, a Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) was issued banning several toxic substances for use in the automotive industry in Europe, including hexavalent chromium, which is used in chrome plating.

Within the European Union, the use of hexavalent chromium in electronic equipment is largely prohibited by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.

Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ), it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations abroad.

With the adoption of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) regulations in Europe, and similar regulations elsewhere traditional lead / tin solders have been replaced by solders containing primarily tin, making prevention of tin pest ( and related problems such as tin whiskers ) a modern ( 21st century ) technological challenge.

With the adoption of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) regulations in Europe and California banning most uses of lead, and similar regulations elsewhere, the problem of tin pest has returned, since some manufacturers now use pure tin, but previously used tin / lead alloys.

However, RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substances ) regulations enacted beginning in 2006 require that no lead be added intentionally and that the maximum percentage not exceed 1 %.

Johnson himself was also heavily criticized for his record of supporting the use of human test subjects in pesticide experiments when he was EPA's Assistant Administrator for Toxic Substances.

Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( RoHS ) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ( WEEE ), which went into force in July 2006.

These successes were followed by the enactment of a whole series of laws regulating waste ( Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ), toxic substances ( Toxic Substances Control Act ), pesticides ( FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ), clean-up of polluted sites ( Superfund ), protection of endangered species ( Endangered Species Act ), and more.

Produced mostly in developed countries, HFCs replaced chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons ( HCFCs ), that were phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Similar protections were included in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ), Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 ( through 1978 amendment to protect nuclear whistleblowers ), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ( CERCLA, or the Superfund Law ) ( 1980 ), and the Clean Air Act ( 1990 ).

A 1984 amendment to 21 USC ( Controlled Substances Act ), Section 802

In 1970, the U. S. adopted the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, which regulated opium tincture ( Laudanum ) as a Schedule II substance ( currently DEA # 9630 ), placing even tighter controls on the drug.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs used by U. S. industry were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

In Canada, khat is a controlled substance under Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act ( CDSA ), meaning it is illegal to possess or obtain unless approved by a medical practitioner.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs in the United States were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

* The Release of Neural Transmitter Substances ( The Sherrington Lectures X ), Charles C Thomas Publisher, Springfield ( Illinois ) 1969, pp. 60

The earliest such definition of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal ( formerly, a variant of molar, describing a solution of unit molar concentration ), appear to have been coined by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in their 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances.

With this purchase came the purveyorship of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS, www. cdc. gov / niosh / rtecs ), a database of basic toxicity information on household chemical substances, food additives, drugs, solvents, biocides, and chemical waste components which as of first quarter of 2012 contained ≈ 170, 000 entries.

Superfund created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), and it provides broad federal authority to clean up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.

The GEF, although not linked formally to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( MP ), supports implementation of the Protocol in countries with economies in transition.

Substances known to be potentially dangerous include aconite, secretions from the Asiatic toad, powdered centipede, the Chinese beetle ( Mylabris phalerata, Ban mao ), and certain fungi.