Suggested alternatives include: a community under the pressure of starvation or extreme social stress, dismemberment and cannibalism as religious ritual or in response to religious conflict, the influx of outsiders seeking to drive out a settled agricultural community via calculated atrocity, or an invasion of a settled region by nomadic raiders who practiced cannibalism ; such peoples have existed in other times and places, e. g. the Androphagi of Europe.

Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

Suggested starting points for the Bronze Age of comics include Roy Thomas and Barry Windsor-Smith's Conan No. 1 ( October 1970 ), Denny O ' Neil and Neal Adams ' Green Lantern / Green Arrow No. 76 ( April 1970 ), or Stan Lee and Gil Kane's The Amazing Spider-Man No. 96 ( May 1971 ; the non-Comics Code issue ).

Suggested causes include:

Suggested mechanisms for the latter include large or multiple bolide impact events, increased volcanism, coal / gas fires and explosions from the Siberian Traps, and sudden release of methane clathrate from the sea floor ; gradual changes include sea-level change, anoxia, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.

Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Festival space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the Pier's entrance, and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake.

Suggested policies include border tax adjustments, trade tariffs and trade bans.

Suggested explanations include desire for safety and protection against the eurozone breaking up ( in which case some eurozone countries might redenominate their debt into a stronger currency ).

Suggested dates for the shift from modern to postmodern include 1914 in Europe, and 1962 or 1968 in America.

Suggested causes for these include slumping, earth tremors and fault-movements, trapped water or gases and volcanic bomb impacts.

Suggested prototypes for Hollingsworth include Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Horace Mann, while the narrator is often supposed to be none other than Hawthorne himself.

Suggested possibilities include juxtaposition with the English origin of regular cricket.

Suggested new features include file indexing on par with Unix's Beagle, Google Desktop and Mac OS X's Spotlight, greater integration of scalable vector graphics into the desktop, proper support for multiple users, and additional kits.

Suggested identities include a modern-day Rhamphorhynchus ( pterosaurs lived in the area of Africa where Kongamato has been sighted ), a misidentified bird ( such as the very large and peculiar Saddle-billed Stork ), or a giant bat.

Suggested mechanisms for freak waves include the following:

Suggested names include " Sunshine Drive " and " Tsawwassen Boulevard ".

Suggested species for espalier include:

Suggested benefits of locking hubs include better fuel efficiency, quieter operation, less vibration, and lower wear, however there are no reliable scientific studies to prove these claims.

Suggested approaches to executing a successful yield management strategy include accurate network information collection, bandwidth capacity allocation that doesn ’ t impact service quality, the deployment of service management software such as Real time policy and Real Time Charging, and using new marketing channels to target consumers with innovative services.

Suggested real-life models for this character include prolific early twentieth-century female romance novelists such as Ethel M. Dell and Ruby M. Ayres.

Suggested ways for professionals to practice reflective management include:

The ideas of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution required adaptations to the Candollean system, which started the studies on evolutionary relationships and phylogenetic classifications of plants.

Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.

The secondary ranks between the suborders and the families are out of practical or historical considerations than out of strict respect for phylogenetic classifications ( modern cladists spurn the use of Linnaean rank names ).

Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not monophyletic.

In older classifications it used to be the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

However, pseudoextinct higher taxa are equivalent to paraphyletic groups, which are rejected as unnatural groupings in modern phylogenetic classifications that are based on cladistic reasoning ( either all dinosaurs are stem-group birds, or birds are derived dinosaurs, but there is no valid taxon Dinosauria that excludes the taxon Aves ).

There is some debate as to the exact phylogenetic classification of Embioptera, with the order having been classed as a sister group to both orders Zoraptera, and Phasmatodea, and there is continuing dispute today concerning the accuracy of these classifications.

A fairly representative grouping, arranged in rough geographical order ( and probable order of phylogenetic branching, following Starostin ), would include:

By the 21st century, vertebrate paleontologists were beginning to adopt phylogenetic taxonomy, in which all groups are defined in such a way as to be monophyletic ; that is, groups include all descendants of a particular ancestor.

Early representations of branching phylogenetic trees include a " Paleontological chart " showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book Elementary Geology, by Edward Hitchcock ( first edition: 1840 ). phylogeny deals with relation of convergence and diversion

Since the advent of phylogenetic nomenclature, the term Reptilia has fallen out of favor with many taxonomists, who have used Sauropsida in its place to include a monophyletic group containing the traditional reptiles and the birds.

However, new phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae s. s. ( s. s. = sensu stricto, in the strict sense ) were nested within Scrophulariaceae ( but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia ).

Whilst usually less popular, micros are thus more important in the sense that they include a much wider span of the " tree of life " ( i. e., phylogenetic diversity ).

Real phylogenetic data include substantial homoplasy, with different parts of the data suggesting sometimes very different relationships.

In clade-based phylogenetic taxonomy, Ceratopsia is often defined to include all marginocephalians more closely related to Triceratops than to Pachycephalosaurus.

If a formal phylogenetic analysis is conducted that does not include a certain taxon, the authors might choose to label the taxon incertae sedis instead of guessing its placement.

Sullivan also rejected attempts by, in his phylogenetic studies, to re-define Pachycephalosauridae to include only " dome-skulled " species ( including Stegoceras and Pachycephalosaurus ), while leaving more " basal " species outside that family in Pachycephalosauria.

Not only that, but the more recent volumes and revisions also include ( l ) new fossil and phylogenetic discoveries, ( m ) advances in numerical and cladistic methods, ( n ) analyis of the group's genome, ( o ) its molecular phylogeny, and so on.

Some botanists include Franklinia within Gordonia, even though recent phylogenetic studies show that Franklinias closest living relationship is with the Asian genera Schima and not Gordonia ; it differs in being deciduous and flowering in late summer, not late winter.

When it was later realized that Therizinosaurus was an advanced segnosaur, Therizinosauroidea was given a phylogenetic definition to include both groups, and has largely replaced the use of the older name Segnosauria in phylogenetic studies, mainly because of the association of the name Segnosauria with the discredited idea that these animals were relatives of prosauropods.