Supervenience can be seen as the relationship between a higher level and lower level of existence where the higher level is dependent on the lower level.

Supervenience has traditionally been used to describe relationships between sets of properties in a manner which does not imply a strong reductive relationship.

Supervenience is a concept with broad applicability throughout philosophy that has particular importance to physicalism.

Factual Phenomenalism: a Supervenience Theory, in SORITES Issue # 09.

Supervenience, which means literally " coming or occurring as something novel, additional, or unexpected ", from " super ," meaning on, above or, additional, and " venire ," meaning to come, shows occurrences in the Oxford English Dictionary dating back to 1644.

For discussion of the emergentist roots of supervenience see Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Supervenience.

* 2001, Ingvar Johansson, " Hartmann's Nondeductive Materalism, Superimposition, and Supervenience ," Axiomathes, vol.

* van Cleve, James ( 1985 ) " Epistemic Supervenience and the Circle of Belief " Monist 68: 90-104.

( 1993 ) " Supervenience and Mind ", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The constitution requires the governor of the islands to seek the approval of a secretary of state before assenting to any bill that affects " the currency of the Falkland Islands or relating to the issue of banknotes " or any bill that establishes " any banking association or altering the constitution, rights or duties of any such association ".

The essential partiality of our view of things, their being given only in a certain perspective and at a certain moment in time does not diminish their reality, but on the contrary establishes it, as there is no other way for things to be copresent with us and with other things than through such " Abschattungen " faint outlines, adumbrations.

This establishes a bijection between the set of all such digit-strings and the set of non-negative integers, avoiding the non-uniqueness caused by leading zeros.

* Article 25 ( 5 ) states that the Article 7 ban on mining may not be repealed unless a future treaty establishes a binding regulatory framework for such activity.

The term statute is also used to refer to an International treaty that establishes an institution, such as the Statute of the European Central Bank, a protocol to the international courts as well, such as the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Because this revolution takes place in underdeveloped, largely pre-capitalist countries such as Russia, Leninism establishes a single-party, authoritarian state, justifying single-party control over the state and economy as a means to safeguard the revolution against counter-revolutionary insurrection and foreign invasion.

As such, Gould proposed that IQ-test proponents assume the existence of " general intelligence " as a discrete quality within the human mind, and thus they analyze the IQ-test data to produce an IQ number that establishes the definitive general intelligence of each man and of each woman.

The system image is loaded from the flash memory ; the system boots, synchronizes the DSL connection and establishes the IP connection between the local network and the service provider, using protocols such as DHCP or PPPoE.

Article 23. 4 of the Judicial Power Organization Act ( LOPJ ), enacted on 1 July 1985, establishes that Spanish courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed by Spaniards or foreign citizens outside Spain when such crimes can be described according to Spanish criminal law as genocide, terrorism, or some other, as well as any other crime that, according to international treaties or conventions, must be prosecuted in Spain.

* Indentures and Covenants — An indenture is a formal debt agreement that establishes the terms of a bond issue, while covenants are the clauses of such an agreement.

The Hays Office had asked Disney to " be certain that the frontispiece of the book mentioned establishes the date in the 1870s ," however, the final film carried no such statement.

The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for such a communication link, a bound on the maximum amount of error-free digital data ( that is, information ) that can be transmitted with a specified bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference, assuming that the signal power is bounded, and that the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density.

In the family-group, publication of the name of a family, subfamily, superfamily ( or any other such rank ) also establishes the names in all the other ranks in the family group ( family Giraffidae, superfamily Giraffoidea, subfamily Giraffinae ).

19, Nº 24, of the Chilean Constitution establishes that, " No one, in any case, can be deprived of its ownership, the property of such ownership or any of the essential attributes or faculties of the ownership, except by a general or special law that authorizes the expropriation by the cause of public utility or national interest, as qualified by the legislator.

The recursion theorem establishes the existence of such a fixed point, assuming that F is computable, and is sometimes called ( Kleene's ) fixed point theorem for this reason.

The book establishes many of Wimsey's character traits-for example, his interest in rare books, the nervous problems associated with his wartime shell-shock, and his ambiguous feelings about catching criminals for a hobby-and also introduces many characters who recur in later novels, such as Parker, Bunter, Sugg, and the Dowager Duchess.

As a result of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is sometimes given the misleading title Father of the Prophets, which contradicts the teachings of the Qur ' an, which establishes that many prophets, such as Noah, lived before Abraham.

The religious beliefs of the citizenry, even though they include fundamental principles of Christianity such as the immortality of the soul and divine providence, form a natural religion that establishes a sort of osmosis between the city and the stars.

In his November 10, 1933, review in The New York Herald Tribune, Richard Watts, Jr. wrote that Sullavan " plays the tragic and lovelorn heroine of this shrewdly sentimental orgy with such forthright sympathy, wise reticence and honest feeling that she establishes herself with some definiteness as one of the cinema people to be watched ".

Biblical scholar Thomas L. Thompson notes that the methods of " biblical archaeology " have also become outmoded: " and Albright's historical interpretation can make no claim to be objective, proceeding as it does from a methodology which distorts its data by selectivity which is hardly representative, which ignores the enormous lack of data for the history of the early second millennium, and which wilfully establishes hypotheses on the basis of unexamined biblical texts, to be proven by such ( for this period ) meaningless mathematical criteria as the ' balance of probability ' ..."

In the parent-child concept, tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust-bond developed so that parents may touch a child, in an unpleasant way, should circumstances develop such as the need to treat a painful injury or prevent harm from danger.

It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States.

It would seem they are regulated under the Supreme Court's interpretation of Wickard v. Filburn which establishes that even activities that occur solely intrastate could have such a substantial effect upon interstate commerce that failure to regulate such commerce would defeat Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.

Administrative law in Germany, called “ Verwaltungsrecht ”: de: Verwaltungsrecht ( Deutschland ), generally rules the relationship between authorities and the citizens and therefore, it establishes citizens ’ rights and obligations against the

Brazil's international relations are based on article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.

An establishing shot in filmmaking and television production sets up, or establishes the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects.

Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the deep relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function.

The Motion Picture establishes that Decker and Ilia had a pre-existing relationship.

Hilbert's Nullstellensatz ( German for " theorem of zeros ," or more literally, " zero-locus-theorem " – see Satz ) is a theorem which establishes a fundamental relationship between geometry and algebra.

Meter calibration establishes the relationship between subject lighting and

On the other hand, it is somewhat less than an establishment of religion, since established churches have official clergy and a relatively fixed and formal relationship with the government that establishes them.

Akulov ( in 1972 ) and J. Wess and B. Zumino ( in 1974 ) independently rediscovered supersymmetry, a radically new type of symmetry of spacetime and fundamental fields, which establishes a relationship between elementary particles of different quantum nature, bosons and fermions, and unifies spacetime and internal symmetries of the microscopic world.

Before the ceremony, a public examination establishes the relationship of the parties and their maturity.

::-Edmund Halley establishes the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.

The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium as an equivalence relationship.

Renormalization establishes a relationship between parameters in the theory, when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances.

A man's social status is determined by those with whom he establishes patron / client relationships, and one of the best means of securing this relationship is through one's children.

During the convalescence which follows, he establishes a relationship with Narcissa Benbow, whom he marries.

An international report establishes a causal relationship between the spread of this deadly disease and mustard ( mustard gas ) used by the Spanish colonial forces for the suppression of resistance in the Rif from 1923.

It is here that he establishes the three kinds of relationship between sounds and ideas as discussed above under Types of Sound Symbolism.

* Edmund Halley establishes the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.

However, his most notable emotional relationship is with Renee Walker, who quickly establishes her willingness to abide by the law when she allows Jack to torture a suspect who may be protecting Almeida.

The book develops the twin concepts of studium and punctum: studium denoting the cultural, linguistic, and political interpretation of a photograph, punctum denoting the wounding, personally touching detail which establishes a direct relationship with the object or person within it.

Wak Chanil is presumed to be the mother of the next-recorded Naranjo ruler, K ' ak ' Tiliw Chan Chaak who acceded in 693, although no known inscription explicitly establishes this relationship.

In the early novels, Frevisse ’ s uncle ( by marriage ) Thomas Chaucer, son of the poet, provides a contact point with historical events as he brings news of the world to St. Frideswide ’ s ; at his funeral ( The Bishop ’ s Tale ), Frevisse establishes a relationship with her cousin Alice Chaucer, who is, in her third marriage, united to William de la Pole, count / marquis / duke ( as the novels progress ) of Suffolk, one of the most ambitious men around the king.

It is safe to say the public-private relationship establishes roles assigned according to what each sector does best, a mutual benefit, of public and private banks balancing out inequality and building equality, and a safety net for North Dakota citizens.

In geometry, Descartes ' theorem, named after René Descartes, establishes a relationship between four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles.