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Tamar's association with the period of political and military successes and cultural achievements, combined with her role as a female ruler, has led to her idealization and romantization in Georgian arts and historical memory.
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Tamar's and with
Tamar's youth coincided with a major upheaval in Georgia ; in 1177, her father, George III, was confronted by a rebellious faction of nobles.
The turning point in Tamar's fortunes came with the death of the powerful catholicos Michael whom the queen replaced, as a chancellor, with her supporter, Anton Glonistavisdze.
Repeated occasions of dynastic strife in Georgia combined with the efforts of regional successors of the Great Seljuq Empire, such as the Ildenizid atabegs of Azerbaijan, Shirvanshahs, and the Ahlatshahs, had slowed down the dynamic of the Georgians achieved during the reigns of Tamar's great-grandfather, David IV, and her father, George III.
Tamar's realm stretched from the Greater Caucasus crest in the north to Erzurum in the south, and from the Zygii in the northwest to the vicinities of Ganja in the southeast, forming a pan-Caucasian empire, with the loyal Zachariad regime in northern and central Armenia, Shirvan as a vassal and Trebizond as an ally.
A copper coin with Georgian and Arabic inscriptions featuring Tamar's monogram ( 1200 )
Tamar's historian relates that the queen suddenly fell ill when discussing the state affairs with her ministers at the Nacharmagevi castle near the town of Gori.
" An orthodox academic view still places Tamar's grave at Gelati, but a series of archaeological studies, beginning with Taqaishvili in 1920, has failed to locate it at the monastery.
Similarly, in the highland district of Pshavi, Tamar's image fused with a pagan goddess of healing and female fertility.
Tamar's and political
Georgia's political and cultural exploits of Tamar's epoch were rooted in a long and complex past.
Tamar's and military
Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.
He was David Soslan, an Alan prince, to whom the 18th-century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti ascribes descent from the early 11th-century Georgian king George I. David, a capable military commander, became Tamar's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles rallied behind Yuri.
Yet, the memory of the military victories of her reign contributed to Tamar's other popular image, that of a model warrior-queen.
David, a capable military commander, became Tamar's major supporter and was instrumental in defeating the rebellious nobles rallied behind Yuri.
David energetically supported Tamar's expansionist policy and was responsible for Georgia's military successes in a series of conflicts of those years.
Tamar's and achievements
Later periods of national revival were too ephemeral to match the achievements of Tamar's reign.
Tamar's and her
There was a considerable opposition to Tamar's succession ; this was sparked by a reaction against the repressive policies of her father and encouraged by the new sovereign's other perceived weakness, her sex.
As Georgia had never previously had a female ruler, a part of the aristocracy questioned Tamar's legitimacy, while others tried to exploit her youth and supposed weakness to assert greater autonomy for themselves.
However, Tamar's Pontic endeavor can better be explained by her desire to take advantage of the Western European Fourth Crusade against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia's immediate southwestern neighborhood, as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed Comnenoi.
Tamar's chronicle praises her universal protection of Christianity and her support of churches and monasteries from Egypt to Bulgaria and Cyprus.
The Byzantine-derived expression of royal power was modified in various ways to bolster Tamar's unprecedented position as a woman ruling in her own right.
She was eulogized in the chroniclers, most notably in the two accounts centered on her reign – The Life of Tamar, Queen of Queens and The Histories and Eulogies of the Sovereigns – which became the primary sources of Tamar's sanctification in the Georgian literature.
The chroniclers exalt her as a " protector of the widowed " and " the thrice blessed ", and place a particular emphasis on Tamar's virtues as a woman: beauty, humility, love of mercy, fidelity, and purity.
The idealization of Tamar was further accentuated by the events that took place under her immediate successors ; within two decades of Tamar's death, the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions brought the Georgian ascendancy to an abrupt end.
The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of Tamar and her family, tracing it from Tamar's grandfather to her grandchildren.
Tamar's sons by her father-in-law were the twins Pharez and Zerah, the fourth and fifth sons of Judah and the ancestors of David.
Tamar's plan was to become pregnant by this ruse in order to bear a child in Judah's line, because Judah hadn't given her to his son Shelah.
The Talmud also suggests that Tamar's actions were for the purpose of avoiding Judah's humiliation, although the Genesis Rabbah portrays her as boastful and unashamed in regard to the pregnancy itself.
Tamar's and has
In popular memory, Tamar's image has acquired a legendary and romantic façade.
Although Lermontov's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background, it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar's sexuality, a question that was given some prominence by the 19th-century European authors.
Tamar's marriage to the Rus prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia.
Tamar's and led
In a great final burst, the brothers led an army marshaled throughout Tamar's possessions and vassal territories in a march, through Nakhchivan and Julfa, to Marand, Tabriz, and Qazvin in northern Iran, pillaging several settlements on their way.
Tamar's and Georgian
The energetic involvement of Tamar's influential aunt Rusudan and the Georgian catholicos Michael IV Mirianisdze was crucial for legitimizing Tamar's succession to the throne.
Alexios and David, Tamar's relatives, were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court.
According to Tamar's historian, the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the Byzantine emperor Alexius IV Angelus for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries of Antioch and Mount Athos.
By the last years of Tamar's reign, the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the Middle Ages.
It now reflected not only Tamar's sway over the traditional subdivisions of the Georgian realm, but also included new components, emphasizing the Georgian crown's hegemony over the neighboring lands.
However, Tamar's own prestige and the expansion of patronq ' moba – a Georgian version of feudalism – kept the more powerful dynastic princes from fragmenting the kingdom.
The Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar: " Thus far, nobody knows where Tamar's grave is.
The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar's portrayal as a gentle, saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war.
Furthermore, the Georgian literati, reacting to the Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions, contrasted Tamar's era to their contemporary situation, lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings.
* Georgian coins minted in Tamar's reign, Zeno. Ru – Oriental Coins Database.
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