In an attempt to alleviate the inevitable tensions and conflicts of an ethnically diverse state, the republic discouraged reference to ethnic or tribal origin and prohibited the use of personal names that evoke an ethnic group ( such as Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara, Khosti, Panjshiri, Hotak, Afrīdī, Aḥmadzay, Herātī, Pōpalzay, Wardak, etc.

The rise of nationalism under freedom of speech soon reawakened simmering ethnic tensions in various Soviet republics, further discrediting the ideal of a unified Soviet people.

The rise of nationalism under glasnost also reawakened simmering ethnic tensions throughout the union.

However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up.

* 1837 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, fueled by ethnic tensions between Yankees and Irish.

Jury trials in multi-cultural countries with a history of ethnic tensions may be problematic, and lead to juries being unduly biased and partial.

This exchange greatly exacerbated tensions between the republic's two largest ethnic groups, who at that point were numerically about equal.

Ever since Kenyan independence in 1963, Kenyan politics have been characterized by ethnic tensions and rivalry between the larger groups, devolving into ethnic violence in the 2007 – 2008 Kenyan crisis.

Then on 4 June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in an area of the Osh Oblast where Uzbeks form a majority of the population.

The level of intolerance and separation between the ethnic Albanian and Serb communities during the Tito-period was reported by sociologists to be worse than that of Croat and Serb communities in Yugoslavia which also had tensions but held some closer relations between each other.

The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions.

However, the war increased tensions and relations between ethnic Macedonians and Albanian Macedonians became strained.

Reasons for the setback of the ruling party, which has retained power since the nation declared independence in 1957, are the rising inflation, crime and ethnic tensions.

The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between its black minority population and the dominant Mauri ( Arab-Berber ) populace.

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany, the Soviet Union and other countries with ethnic Slavs, which were considered " Untermenschen " according to Nazi racial ideology.

Despite a warming by the Comintern, German tensions were raised when the Soviets stated in September that they must enter Poland to " protect " their ethnic Ukrainian and Belorussian brethren therein from Germany, though Molotov later admitted to German officials that this excuse was necessary because the Soviets could find no other pretext for the Soviet invasion.

Later in the 20th century, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, leaders appealed to ancient ethnic feuds or tensions that ignited conflict between the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as well Bosnians, Montenegrins and Macedonians, eventually breaking up the long collaboration of peoples and ethnic cleansing was carried out in the Balkans, resulting in the destruction of the formerly communist republic and produced the civil wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 – 95, resulted in mass population displacements and segregation that radically altered what was once a highly diverse and intermixed ethnic makeup of the region.

Such racial segregation has widely been thought to be the basis of growing ethnic tensions, a measurable deterioration in race relations in poorer areas, a deterioration of the standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic minorities in poorer areas as well as being a main precursor to recent race riots.

From 1983, ethnic tensions were manifested in on-and-off insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ).

The inhabitants were mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions.

During the Ottoman Tanzimat ( 1839 – 76 ) reforms, nationalism arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Orthodox Church was established and its separate diocese was created, based on ethnic identity rather than religious principles.

Tensions between the new administration and the ethnic German minority arose in the Polish Corridor.

Volksdeutsche " ethnic Germans " is a historical term which arose in the early 20th century and was used by the Nazis to describe ethnic Germans living outside of the German Empire, although many had been in other areas for centuries.

Political factions, racial and ethnic rivalries, and personality clashes arose following his death.

The revolution arose mainly in response to the decline of the Qing state, which had proven ineffective in its efforts to modernize China and confront new challenges presented by foreign powers, and was exacerbated by ethnic resentment against the ruling Manchu minority.

Scholars speculate that their identity as an independent ethnic group arose through contact with Central Asians, due to whom the Dongxiang converted to Sunni Islam in the 13th century.

During World War I the issue arose of the primary political loyalty of ethnic groups with close ties to Europe, especially German Americans and also Irish Americans.

Habsburgs pursued a policy of centralization and conflict arose, which was further complicated by ethnic and religious issues

At the end of the century, ethnic tensions arose as the area's economic significance grew.

As Ottoman rule in the Balkans crumbled in the late 19th century, competition arose between Greeks and Bulgarians ( and to a lesser extent also other ethnic groups such as Serbs, Aromanians and Albanians ) over the multiethnic region of Macedonia.

Each Language Federation arose at different times, as members of those national, ethnic or religious groups arrived in the United States.

After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.

Confusion arose and has continued when the name " Losso " was attributed by Togo's French colonial administrations to all residents of what is now the Doufelgou District, regardless of their ethnic or linguistic affiliation.

In the vacuum left upon their retreat, a series of conflicts arose as various ethnic groups ( Poles, Balts, Ukrainians ) tried to create states, clashing with each other and with the various factions of the Russian Revolution.

Russian social democrats had been split into numerous factions along political and ethnic lines since at least 1903 when the original divisions between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks arose.

However, for the inhabitants of Bessarabia living under the Russian rule, the term gained an ethnic connotation by the beginning 20th century: in May 1917, at a congress of Bessarabian teachers, a dispute arose over the identification of the native population ; a group protested against being called " Romanians ", affirming they were " Moldovan ", while another group, led by the poet Alexei Mateevici, supported the view that the Moldovans are also Romanians.

The polls returned the nation to constitutional democratic rule after a devastating civil war that arose from long-standing ethnic tensions between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority.

In addition to its lasting effects on other genres, it marked the first modern large-scale mixing of musical traditions from multiple ethnic and religious communities within the Celtic diaspora.

Cultures in modern society are also studied in the fields of urban anthropology, ethnic studies, ecological anthropology, and psychological anthropology.

The vast majority of ethnic Franks, divided between Salians and Ripuarians, were confined respectively to the Low Countries, the northeastern tip of modern France and the Rhine river banks all the way down to near the Main and Hesse areas.

* Frisians, the medieval and modern ethnic group inhabiting Frisia, a region on the western coasts of Germany and the Netherlands

During medieval and modern times, Macedonia has been known as a Balkan region inhabited by ethnic Greeks, Albanians, Vlachs, Serbs, Bulgarians, Jews, and Turks.

Some martial arts are considered ' traditional ' and are tied to an ethnic, cultural or religious background, while others are modern systems developed either by a founder or an association.

The extent to which contemporary Pagans use these sources differs ; many follow a spirituality which they accept is entirely modern, whilst others attempt to reconstruct or revive indigenous, ethnic religions as found in historical and folkloric sources as accurately as possible.

Precisely where and when nationalism emerged is difficult to determine, but its development is closely related to that of the modern state and the push for popular sovereignty that surfaced with the French Revolution and the American Revolution in the late 18th century and culminated with the ethnic / national revolutions of Europe, for instance the Greek War of Independence.

Probably the first Sultan to identify and attempt to tackle the Janissaries as a praetorian institution doing more harm than good to the modern empire, Osman II closed their coffee shops ( the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne ) and started planning to create a new, loyal and ethnic Turkic army consisting of Anatolian, Mesopotamian and Egyptian Turks and Turkmens.

As such, various modern scholars have begun to apply the term to three groups of separate faiths: Historical Polytheism ( such as Celtic polytheism, Norse Paganism, the Cultus Deorum Romanorum and Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism also called Hellenismos ), Folk / ethnic / Indigenous religions ( such as Chinese folk religion and African traditional religion ), and Neopaganism ( such as Wicca and Germanic Neopaganism ).

The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by sugar.

Much of modern Japan was under only fragmentary control by the Imperial family, and rival ethnic groups.

Uyghur activists identify with the Tarim mummies, but research into the genetics of ancient Tarim mummies and their links with modern Uyghurs remain controversial, both to Chinese government officials concerned with ethnic separatism, and to Uyghur activists concerned that research could affect their claims of being indigenous to the region.

There, " Uyghur " was chosen by them as the name of their own ethnic group, although the delegates noted that the modern groups referred to a " Uyghur " were distinct from the old Uyghur Khaganate.

After the Communist victory, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong continued the Soviet classification, using the term Uyghur to describe the modern ethnic group.

The modern ethnic group is thus an Arabized Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria and most notably the Western Sahara, with some tribes traditionally migrating into northern Mali and Niger.

Second, to analyze how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed ; to that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on the society and social integration.

Although many observers from the 1880s onward predicted that Yankee politicians would be no match for new generations of ethnic politicians, the presence of Yankees at the top tier of modern American politics was typified by Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and by Democratic National Committee chairman Howard Dean ( as well, to some observers, by 2004 Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Forbes Kerry, descendant through his mother, of the Scottish Forbes family, which emigrated to Massachusetts the 1750s ).

In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919 – 1922 ), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople ( effectively ethnic Greeks ) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus.

Two modern churches developed from the schism, the Chaldean Church, which entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East, the followers of these two churches are almost exclusively ethnic Assyrians.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania to which Jogaila succeeded in 1377 was a political entity composed of two leading but very different nationalities and two political systems: ethnic Lithuania in the north-west and the vast Ruthenian territories of former Kievan Rus ', comprising lands of modern Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of western Russia.

As evidenced by the contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes of Galich ( modern Halych ) and Kiev called themselves " People of Rus '" ( with the exact Cyrillic spelling of the adjective from of Rus varying among sources ), which contrasts sharply with the lack of ethnic self-appellation for the area until the mid-19th century.

Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the " human rights revolution ", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust ; with the collapse of the European colonial system, as colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the racist underpinnings of the colonial system ; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to the development of academic ethnic studies programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms.