It also has predecessors in gold necklaces of the European Bronze Age, which are sometimes also called " torcs ", for example, the three 12th – 11th-century BC specimens found at Tiers Cross, Pembrokeshire, Wales, and the Milton Keynes Hoard, which contained two large examples.

An 11th-century silver Urnes style brooch found in one grave is the model for bronze copies that were being cast in a Lund jeweler's workshop in the early 12th century.

The early half of the 12th century saw the appearance of several new factors of secularism unknown to an earlier and more simply religious time: the increase of commerce and industry resultant from the Crusades, the growing independence of medieval cities, the secularization of Benedictine life, the development of pageantry and luxury in a hitherto rude feudal world, the reaction from the terrible conflict of State and Church in the latter half of the 11th-century.

According to an argument outlined by Maria Rosa Menocal in The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History, in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later.

2-77: 9th century, with 11th-century additions ;

Incorporated into the later medieval building, but originally free-standing, is an 11th-century bell-tower, whose height was increased in the 15th century.

At the height of the Stalinist terror, Gamsakhurdia turned to the more favored genre of historical and patriotic prose, embarking on his magnum opus, the novel The Right Hand of the Grand Master ( დიდოსტატის მარჯვენა, 1939 ), set in the early 11th century around the legend of the building of the Cathedral of Living Pillar against a broad panorama of 11th-century Georgia.

It appears that large parts survived relatively intact until the 9th century: the 11th-century historian Kedrenos records that the " wall at Exokionion ", likely a portion of the Constantinian wall, collapsed in an earthquake in 867.

Finkelstein is a proponent of the " low chronology ," an archaeological reconstruction that attempts to solve problems in the traditional Levantine chronology by " lowering the date of 11th-century BCE assemblages to the early-to-mid-10th century, and 10th century BCE assemblages to the early 9th century, with the late Iron I / early Iron IIA transition fixed in the late 10th century BCE ".

Clockwise, from top left: Detail of the 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry, showing Harold Godwinson ; 15th-century stained glass from York Minster, showing a scene from the Apocalypse ; Salisbury Cathedral, built in the 13th century ; the 9th-century Ormside Bowl

The bayan () is a type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th century and named after the 11th-century bard Boyan.

It was established by at least the 11th century, as it is mentioned in Rhygyfarch's 11th-century Life of Saint David ; at this time it may have supported a clerical community, but in later centuries it became simply a parish church.

The hamstone Manor House has 11th-century origins, with the present building being from all periods from the 15th century.

Quy Nhơn was officially founded more than 100 years ago, although its origins stretch back much further to the 11th-century Champa culture, the Tây Sơn Dynasty and the 18th century seaport of Thị Nại.

Parts of 11th-century Duklja was in the Principality of Serbia as early as the 7th century, while the south was under direct rule of the Byzantine Empire.

Another, possibly first-hand, account of the use of Greek fire comes from the 11th-century Yngvars saga víðförla, where the Viking Ingvar the Far-Travelled faces ships equipped with Greek fire siphons:

According to the Suda ( an 11th-century encyclopaedia of Byzantium which likely took its information from traditional accounts ), Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as a boy living on the island of Samos, whither he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia I of Caria.

Typography with movable type was separately invented in 11th-century China.

Conflicting accounts of Sweyn's later life also appear in the Encomium Emmae Reginae, an 11th-century Latin encomium in honour of his son king Cnut's queen Emma, of Normandy, along with Chronicon ex chronicis by Florence of Worcester, another 11th-century author.

The Song of Roland, an Old French 11th-century heroic poem, takes the association of black skin with Saracens a step further by making it their only exotic feature.

Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas Ibn Firnas and the 11th-century monk Eilmer of Malmesbury ; both experiments injured their pilots.

An early 11th-century manuscript of Aldhelm's De laudis virginitatis ( Oxford, Bodleian library, Digby 146 ) glosses ueneris with wælcyrge ( with gydene meaning " goddess ").

The 11th-century keep – built by Fulk III, Count of Anjou – measures with walls thick.

The altar is an example of one of Norway's finest Renaissance altarpieces and the church is adorned with staves ( planks ) on which one can see Viking graffiti, an 11th-century crucifix and other artifacts from the Viking period.

An 11th-century cross slab decorated with Irish and Ringerike Viking art found on Islay was found in 1838.

The only remains of the castle used by the Přemysl dukes is the Romanesque Rotunda of Saint Catherine, the interior of which is covered with 11th-century frescoes depicting biblical scenes and illustrating the life of Přemysl.

The 11th-century settlements in Transylvania are characterized by small huts with ceramic assemblages marked by clay cauldrons.

Contrary to certain reports, the name has nothing to do with Leofric, an 11th-century Earl of Mercia ( most famous for being the miserly husband of Lady Godiva ).

Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is " too brief to enable us to say with certainty " that it refers to a water-powered paper mill.

" A later source, the 11th-century Vita Ecgwini, claims that Ecgwine accompanied Coenred and Offa to Rome, but historians have treated this with scepticism.

In an interview with Salon. com, she explains that in 11th-century Japanese court literature, women authors such as Murasaki Shikibu wrote lengthy descriptions of kimonos in their work.

Fascinated by the 11th-century Heian period court culture, she wove much of it into the book: writing about the clothing the women wore ; the love affairs they had ; the manner in which poetry was frequently exchanged ; and that women lived in seclusion, behind screens, with their faces often unseen by lovers.

Deusdedit was regarded as a saint after his death, with a feast day of 14 July, although the Bosworth Psalter, a late 10th or early 11th-century psalter produced at, gives a date of 15 July.

The work was considered by the 11th-century Muslim scholar Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi to be " little more than a plagiarism " of Aristotle's Kitāb al-Hayawān, a charge that was once levelled against Aristotle himself with regard to a certain " Asclepiades of Pergamum ".

For example, he depicts the weaselly Robert Guiscard, the 11th-century Norman adventurer, as an anthropomorphic weasel, an allusion to Guiscard's name and cunning nature, and depicts Babur, the 16th-century founder of the Mughal Empire with buckteeth ( an allusion to the theory that the conqueror's name means " beaver ").

The Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys during the evening bell.

In addition to the Mahābhāṣya and Yoga Sūtras, the 11th-century commentary on Charaka by the Bengali scholar Cakrapāṇidatta, and the 16th c. text Patanjalicarita ascribes to Patañjali a medical text called the Carakapratisaṃskṛtaḥ ( now lost ) which is apparently a revision ( pratisaṃskṛtaḥ ) of the medical treatise by Caraka.

* Washington Women's Chorus-35-member chorus performs works ranging from 11th-century chants, to compositions by Vivaldi and Brahms, and new works by American and international composers

The old order left the new dynasty in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th-and 11th-century counts of Blois accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support.

The 11th-century runestone U 1163 features a carving of a female bearing a horn that has been interpreted as the valkyrie Sigrdrífa handing the hero Sigurd ( also depicted on the stone ) a drinking horn.

The 11th-century Gundulf tower has architectural features that indicate bells were placed there from the start.