" One of Lenin's challenges was distancing materialism, as a viable philosophical outlook, from the " vulgar materialism " expressed in the statement " the brain secretes thought in the same way as the liver secretes bile " ( attributed to 18th c. physician Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, 1757 – 1808 ); " metaphysical materialism " ( matter composed of immutable particles ); and 19th-century " mechanical materialism " ( matter as random molecules interacting per the laws of mechanics ).

* New Town, Edinburgh, an 18th and 19th-century development that contains some of the largest surviving examples of Georgian-style architecture and layout.

Branagh set the film with late 19th-century costuming and furnishings ; and Blenheim Palace, built in the early 18th century, became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes.

A romanticised picture of Vikings as Germanic noble savages began to take root in the 18th century, and this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century Viking revival.

Robert I Estienne ( 1503 – 7 September 1559 ), known as Robertus Stephanus in Latin and also referred to as Robert Stephens by 18th and 19th-century English writers, was a 16th century printer and classical scholar in Paris.

The noble savage achieved prominence as an oxymoronic rhetorical device after 1851, when used sarcastically as the title for a satirical essay by English novelist Charles Dickens, who wished to disassociate himself from 18th and early 19th-century romantic primitivism.

The meaning of the term changed over time, from the simple single voice madrigal of the early 17th century, to the multi-voice " cantata da camera " and the " cantata da chiesa " of the later part of that century, from the more substantial dramatic forms of the 18th century ( including the 200-odd church and secular cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach ) to the usually sacred-texted 19th-century cantata, which was effectively a type of short oratorio.

It is characterized as a reaction against doctrines of 19th-century liberal theology and a more positive reevaluation of the teachings of the Reformation, much of which had been in decline ( especially in western Europe ) since the late 18th century.

* The 18th century Whig radical Charles James Fox preferred faro to any other game, as did 19th-century American con man Soapy Smith.

Consisting of an irregularly-shaped mixture of 18th, 19th, and 20th century buildings North Quad comprises the 18th-century buttery staircase adjoining the hall, the block containing the Senior Common Room, the 19th-century range along St Giles ', and the " Beehive " ( 1958 – 60 ), made up of non-regular hexagonal rooms.

During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets ( step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe ).

** Romantic music, the musical style used by Beethoven, Chopin, Brahms, Wagner and other late 18th and 19th-century composers

** Romantic poetry, the poetic style used by Schiller, Blake, Keats, Wordsworth and other late 18th and 19th-century poets

During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets ( step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe ).

In most 18th and 19th-century schemes, parties 2-4 were the same individuals ; but in a significant minority of schemes each initial subscriber-shareholder was permitted to invest in the name of another party ( generally one of his or her own children ), who would inherit that share on the subscriber's death.

18th and early 19th-century antiquaries tended to identify it as a Roman ( or British ) temple, sometimes said to have to have been dedicated to the god Janus.

Whereas Bailundo is mentioned in some 18th and 19th-century chronicles in connection to a trading route linking it with Viye ( Bie ), small Wambu was only really known with the advent of the construction of the Benguela Railway by the Portuguese.

The Walker Art Gallery houses a collection including Italian and Netherlandish paintings from 1300 – 1550, European art from 1550 – 1900, including works by Rembrandt, Poussin and Degas, 18th and 19th-century British art, including a major collection of Victorian painting and many Pre-Raphaelite works, a wide collection of prints, drawings and watercolours, 20th-century works by artists such as Lucian Freud, David Hockney and Gilbert and George and a major sculpture collection.

Foggy Bottom is one of the oldest late 18th and 19th-century neighborhoods in Washington, D. C.

* Industrial Revolution, an 18th – 19th-century period of rapid technological development in the West

" Nidhubabur Tappa ", or tappas sung by Nidhu Babu were very popular in 18th and 19th-century Bengal.

Other notable 18th and 19th-century landscape painters include Richard Wilson ( born in Wales ); George Morland ; John Robert Cozens ; Thomas Girtin ; John Constable ; J. M. W. Turner ; and John Linnell.

The two groups had little initial interaction in America, as the 18th century Ulster immigrants were predominantly Protestant and had become settled largely in upland regions of the American interior, while the huge wave of 19th-century Catholic immigrant families settled primarily in the Northeast and Midwest port cities such as Boston, New York, or Chicago.

During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets ( step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe ).

However, the enormous expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries of the British Empire brought Anglicanism along with it.

This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century.

Bodmin Gaol, operational for over 150 years but now a semi-ruin, was built in the late 18th century, and was the first British prison to hold prisoners in separate cells ( though often up to 10 at a time ) rather than communally.

The Aro Confederacy of Nigeria may have had presence in western ( later called British ) Cameroon due to migration in the 18th and 19th centuries.

However, restrictive Spanish trade laws made it difficult for Cubans to keep up with the 17th and 18th century advances in processing sugar cane pioneered in British Barbados and French Saint Domingue ( Haiti ).

The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the British / Kandyan period Kadayimpoth-Boundary books as well, indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.

British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the Highland Clearances and Irish escaping the Great Irish Famine ( 1845-1849 ).

As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130, 000.

He is probably best known today for his historical work on the British radical movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in particular The Making of the English Working Class ( 1963 ).

Despite some military attempts by the Spanish to retake it in the 18th century, most notably in the Great Siege of 1779 – 1783, the Rock has remained under British control ever since.

Their migration to Gibraltar started since the beginning of the common British rule in 1713, thanks to the links between both British possessions during the 18th century, first looking for work in several trades, especially when Gibraltar needed to be rebuilt after the 1783 Grand Siege.

Genoese came during the 18th and 19th centuries, especially from the poorer parts of Liguria, some of them annually following fishing shoals, as repairmen for the British navy, or as successful traders and merchants ; many others came during the Napoleonic period to avoid obligatory conscription to the French Army.

Control of the island was disputed by Great Britain and France in the 18th century, with the British ultimately prevailing.

By the start of the 18th century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire.

The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America.

While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the mathematicians and physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and the engineers and inventors James Watt and William Murdoch, whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.

The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis, Sikhs, and Marathas to exercise control over large areas in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.

In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises.

For more than one hundred years, English and French trading companies had fought one another for supremacy, and by the middle of the 18th century competition between the British and the French had heated up.

The first step toward cementing formal British control extended back to the late 18th century.

Soon after their discovery, the archipelago was regularly visited by whalers and sealers ( mostly British, American and Norwegian ) who hunted the resident populations of whales and seals to the point of near extinction, including fur seals in the 18th century and elephant seals in the 19th century.

In Burma, a royal library called the Pitaka Taik was legendarily founded by King Anawrahta ; in the 18th century, British envoy Michael Symes, upon visiting this library, wrote that " it is not improbable that his Birman majesty may possess a more numerous library than any potentate, from the banks of the Danube to the borders of China ".