Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conflict could not be won without harsh measures, and that self-government was the only feasible solution ; in 1923, after the establishment of the Irish Free State and during the Irish Civil War, Montgomery wrote to Colonel Arthur Percival of the Essex Regiment:

The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

From 1919 to 1923, Limburg was the “ capital ” of a short-lived state called Free State Bottleneck ( or Freistaat Flaschenhals in German ) because it was the nearest unoccupied town to the Weimar Republic.

Lindsay Gordon Anderson ( 17 April 1923 – 30 August 1994 ) was an Indian-born, British feature film, theatre and documentary director, film critic, and leading light of the Free Cinema movement and the British New Wave.

The Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo, an independence political party, later became the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) which would ironically end up promoting the " Estado Libre Associado " ( Free Associated State ) status that Barceló, as president of Union Party, had asked for in 1923 under Campbell Bill and which Muñoz Marín had always opposed, instead of independence.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

According to a famous 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and the American physical chemist Merle Randall, the natural sciences contain three great branches:

* Sue Kunitomi Embrey, born on January 6, 1923, was an editor of the Manzanar Free Press, the camp newspaper, and wove camouflage nets to support the war effort.

In all 77 republicans were executed by the Free State between November 1922 and the end of the war in May 1923, including Robert Erskine Childers, Liam Mellowes and Rory O ' Connor, far more than the 14 IRA Volunteers the British executed in the War of Independence.

In 1923 the Irish Free State became a member of the League of Nations.

* 1st Executive Council of the Irish Free State ( December 1922 – September 1923 )

* 2nd Executive Council of the Irish Free State ( September 1923 – June 1927 )

** Zemio ca. 1872 established ; December 11, 1894 under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909 under French protectorate ; 1923 Sultanate suppressed

In March 1923 an infamous atrocity was carried out by Free State troops near Tralee when nine anti-treaty IRA prisoners were taken from the prison in Tralee and blown up with a land mine at nearby Ballyseedy.

Kilmainham Gaol played an important part in Irish history, as many leaders of Irish rebellions were imprisoned and some executed in the prison by the British and latterly in 1923 by the Irish Free State.

The earliest such definition of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal ( formerly, a variant of molar, describing a solution of unit molar concentration ), appear to have been coined by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in their 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances.

However the Free State's tactics of internment and executions combined to cripple the anti-Treaty forces by April 1923.

While the last prisoners of the Civil War were released in 1924, the Free State retained extensive emergency powers to intern and even execute political opponents, under a series of Public Safety Acts ( 1923, 1926 and 1931 ).

Many of them joined the Freikorps (" Free Corps "), a collection of volunteer paramilitary units that were involved in revolution and border clashes between 1918 and 1923.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term “ affinity ” by the term “ free energy ” in much of the English-speaking world.

In the Irish Free State the position was effectively abolished by the District Justices ( Temporary Provisions ) Act 1923 and permanently abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924.

The first-ever full-game radio broadcast was made of a February 22, 1923 game between the Winnipeg Falcons and Port Arthur by Winnipeg radio station CJCG ( owned by the Manitoba Free Press ).

On the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the Irish Land Commission was reconstituted by the Land Law ( Commission ) Act, 1923.

After independence and the Civil War, and with the formation of Dáil Éireann ( Irish Free State ) after the Irish general election, 1923, the government pursued conservative economic and social policies and took a firm line against the republican movement.

The park was officially established in 1923, when the original of a military reserve was transferred to Washington State Parks.

In 1923, Malevich was appointed director of Petrograd State Institute of Artistic Culture, which was forced to close in 1926 after a Communist party newspaper called it " a government-supported monastery " rife with " counterrevolutionary sermonizing and artistic debauchery.

After the international recognition of the new Turkish parliament headquartered in Ankara, by means of the Treaty of Lausanne signed on 24 July 1923, the Turkish parliament proclaimed on 29 October 1923 the establishment of the Republic of Turkey as the new Turkish State that succeeded and formally ended the defunct Ottoman Empire, in line with the treaty.

* James F. Hinkle – Mayor of Roswell, 1904 – 06, New Mexico State Senator, 1912 – 1916, Governor of New Mexico, 1923 – 25

The Treaty of Lausanne was a peace treaty signed in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 July 1923, that ended the state of war that had existed since 1914 between Turkey on the one hand, and the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the Serb-Croatian-Slovene State on the other.

The declaration invoked the Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) and UN General Assembly Resolution 181 in support of its claim to a " State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem ".

GCMG (,, Shim ' aoon Beereez ; born Szymon Perski ; 2 August 1923 ) is the ninth and current President of the State of Israel.

He was President pro tempore of the New York State Senate from 1923 to 1924.

* Carl Sherman ( c. 1891 – 1956 ), New York State Attorney General 1923 – 24

On 1 May 1923, Tamm began teaching physics at the Second Moscow State University.

In 1923, the Italian State, owner of the building, entrusted the management to the Venetian municipality to be run as a museum.

The city, and its residents, helped to start the Ramona Pageant ( California's official State Outdoor Play ), in 1923, and have supported the historic production ever since.

Although two homes were built on Monte Cristo in 1923, and one in 1946, things were quiet until the mid-1950s when a Dr. Bradley " Doc " Waldron went to Tallahassee and persuaded the State of Florida to sell him Pine Key, Cabbage Key, Pardee Key and the surrounding bay bottom.

* Ayabe, Masatomo, “ Ku Kluxers in a Coal Mining Community: A Study of the Ku Klux Klan Movement in Williamson County, Illinois, 1923 – 1926 ,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 102 ( Spring 2009 ), 73 – 100.

Approximately 2-1 / 2 miles north of Pennville on Indiana State Road 1, near Balbec, Indiana, a marker was erected in 1923 to mark the site of the pioneer home of Jimmy and Rachel Silliven, an important “ station ” of the Underground Railroad.

Glassboro is home to Rowan University, founded in 1923 and formerly known as Glassboro State College, which was the site of the Glassboro Summit Conference in 1967 between U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.