A new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, and Chiang was formally elected by the National Assembly as the first term President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1948.

His book, The Outline of History was read by José Figueres Ferrer in 1920 while at MIT, the Costa Rican revolutionary and 3-time president, who took the book to heart, and permanently abolished the military of Costa Rica in 1948, and banned the military in the Constitution.

Blues and Reds contested local elections into the 1920s, but Islandwide party politics lay dormant until the post-Occupation elections under the new Constitution of 1948.

* 1948 – Edvard Beneš resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than sign the Ninth-of-May Constitution making his nation a Communist state.

* 1948 – Czechoslovakia's Ninth-of-May Constitution comes into effect.

From the time of the signing of the Burmese Constitution in 1948, ethnic minorities have been denied Constitutional rights, access to lands that were traditionally controlled by their peoples and participation in the government.

After the Dutch constitution was revised in 1948, a new interim Constitution of the Netherlands Antilles was enacted in February 1951.

The existing office was created in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China.

Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the president ( to which Chiang nominated Hu Shih ) be a mere figurehead.

The current Constitution of the Republic of China came into effect on December 25, 1947 and the first Legislative session convened in Nanking on May 18, 1948 with 760 members.

After the Italian Constitution took effect, he was formally named the " President of the Italian Republic " on 1 January 1948.

The last continuous National Assembly was established under the framework of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China as a constitutional convention and electoral college and called into place in 1948.

On April 18, 1948, the National Assembly added to the Constitution the " Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion ".

This was also practiced in Danish before the spelling reform of 1948, and in English during the 18th century ( as in Gulliver's Travels, and most of the original 1787 United States Constitution ).

In the 1948 case of Perez v. Sharp, Andrea Perez — a Mexican-American woman listed as White — and Sylvester Davis — an African American man — the Supreme Court of California recognized that interracial bans on marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.

Mere administrative districts of the central state during the Kingdom of Italy, regions were granted political autonomy by the 1948 Constitution of the Italian Republic.

In the face of wide-scale killings, imprisonments and harassment of local peasants during forced collectivization, entire private property nationalization and political oppressiveness, the Constitution of 1948 and the subsequent basic texts were never respected by governments or the new judges appointed during dictatorship.

The federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948.

Gerhard Anschütz ( 1867 – 1948 ), a noted German teacher of constitutional law, was the leading commentator of the Weimar Constitution.

Included in this gallery is a 1603 English broadsheet showing the coronation of James I ; a 1787 copy of The Maryland Gazette containing the new United States Constitution ; The Charleston Mercury ’ s 1860 extra enthusiastically proclaiming, “ The Union Is Dissolved !”; a copy of the 1948 Chicago Daily Tribune mistakenly announcing, “ Dewey Defeats Truman .”

The first formal Control Yuan was elected by provincial, municipal, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Overseas Chinese representative councils and was first convened in 1948 following the enactment of the 1947 Constitution.

The World Health Organization ( WHO ) Constitution came into force on April 7, 1948, and China has been a Member since the beginning.

The Ninth-of-May ( 1948 ) Constitution was a constitution of Czechoslovakia in force from 1948 to 1960.

During World II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz ( 1948 ), Innsbruck, Austria ( 1964 and 1976 ), Grenoble, France, ( 1968 ), Albertville, France, ( 1992 ), and Torino, Italy, ( 2006 ).

Neorealism exploded soon after the war, with unforgettable works such as Rossellini's trilogy Rome, Open City ( 1945 ), Paisà ( 1946 ), and Germany, Year Zero ( 1948 ), and with extraordinary actors such as Anna Magnani, as an attempt to describe the difficult economic and moral conditions of Italy and the changes in public mentality in everyday life.

In Italy, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party broke away from the Italian Socialist Party in 1947, when this latter joined the Soviet-funded Italian Communist Party to prepare the decisive general election of 1948.

In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948.

Mattei, who became a powerful figure in Italy, was a left-wing Christian Democrat, and a member of parliament from 1948 to 1953.

Enrico De Nicola (; 9 November 1877 – 1 October 1959 ) was an Italian jurist, journalist, politician, and provisional Head of State of the newborn republic of Italy from 1946 to 1948.

From the summer of 1945 to the spring of 1948 over 23, 000 Jews managed to leave Italy clandestinely for Palestine.

His studies were interrupted by military service lasting from 1945 to 1948, during which he served as a tank driver in Italy for the U. S. Army.

He won his first Grand Prix race in Sanremo, Italy in 1948 and took second place in the British Grand Prix the same year.

It was dissolved on 31 January 1948, to be replaced by the new Parliament of Italy.

In 1948, the Andretti family left Montona during the Istrian exodus, ending up in a refugee camp in Lucca, Italy.

Between 1945 an 1948, the outlines of a new Italy began to appear.

In his early career he appeared in a number of motion pictures, including some filmed operas such as The Barber of Seville and also the popular 1948 British drama set in wartime Italy, The Glass Mountain, which made him known to a wide public.

The Statuto later became the constitution of the unified Kingdom of Italy and remained in force, with changes, until 1948.

Even though it suffered deep modifications, especially during the fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini ( who, however, ruled with the tacit approval of King Victor Emmanuel III ), it was never formally abrogated until Italy became a republic in 1948.

On 14 July 1948, Togliatti was shot three times, being severely wounded — his life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy ( which included a general strike called by the Italian General Confederation of Labour ).

* Socialist Unity ( Italy ), a social-democratic alliance of parties which contested the Italian general election of 1948

His father, Giulio Einaudi, was a publisher, and his grandfather, Luigi Einaudi, was President of Italy between 1948 and 1955.

From 1950 the ethnic composition of the church changed, with the assimilation of Irish Australians and the arrival of Eastern European Displaced Persons from 1948 and more than one million Catholics from countries such as Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Germany, Croatia and Hungary, and later Filipinos, Vietnamese, Lebanese and Poles around the 1980s.

In Italy, where titles of nobility have not been officially recognised since 1948, and where nobility by feudal tenure was abolished in most regions during the years immediately prior to 1820, an adoptive child cannot succeed to his adoptive parent's title, and no legal act can serve to renounce a hereditary title.

A number of legitimate titles recognised in the pre-unitary Italian states ( Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Papal State ), as well as the Republic of San Marino, were not recognised in the Kingdom of Italy between 1860 and 1948.

Outside the UK and Ireland, the threat from the eastern grey squirrel comes from a population in Piedmont, Italy, where two pairs escaped from captivity in 1948.

Another, named Amon, testified at the trial of Kappler which was held in Italy in 1948 ; saying that once he entered the cave and saw the piles of dead bodies, he fainted and was replaced by a comrade who pushed him aside and shot another victim.