Titus Flavius Josephus ( 37 – 100 ), also called Joseph ben Matityahu ( Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu ), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem-then part of Roman Judea-to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry.

According to Josephus, a 1st-century Jewish Roman historian, Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC as a refuge for himself in the event of a revolt.

A slightly different accounting can be found in the book Against Apion, by the 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus, who describes 22 sacred books: the five books of Moses, thirteen histories, and four books of hymns to God and precepts for the conduct of human life.

The 1st-century CE Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, however, understood this to mean that Jephthah burned his daughter on Yahweh's altar, whilst pseudo-Philo, late first century CE, wrote that Jephthah offered his daughter as a burnt offering because he could find no sage in Israel who would cancel his vow.

In his Against Apion, the 1st-century CE historian Josephus Flavius debates the synchronism between the Biblical account of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, and two Exodus-like events that the Egyptian historian Manetho apparently mentions.

We find a brief reference to Philo by the 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus.

Historical research reconstructs Jesus in relation to his 1st-century contemporaries, while theological interpretations relate Jesus to those that gather in his name, thus the historian interprets the past while the theologian interprets tradition.

According to Josephus, a 1st-century AD Jewish Roman historian, Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC as a refuge for himself in the event of a revolt.

* Valerius Maximus, 1st-century historian

The 1st-century senator and historian Aulus Cremutius Cordus, glorified Brutus and Cassius in his history and described those who fought alongside Caesar ’ s assassins as the " last of the Romans ".

French scholar Victor Guérin associated Sha ' ab with Saab, a place mentioned by 1st-century writer Josephus.

These scholars use the archeology of Israel and the analysis of formative Jewish literature, including the Mishna, Dead Sea Scrolls, New Testament ( as a Jewish text ) and Josephus, to reconstruct the ancient worldviews of Jews in the 1st-century Roman provinces of Iudaea and Galilaea, and only afterward investigate how Jesus fits in.

According to James Tabor this Eastern Orthodox picture of Particular Judgment is similar to the 1st-century Jewish and Early Christian concept that the dead either " Rest in Peace " in the Bosom of Abraham ( mentioned in the Gospel of Luke ) or suffer in Hades.

Priestesses of Liber, the Roman god identified with Dionysus, are mentioned by the 1st-century BC scholar Varro, as well as indicated by epigraphic evidence.

Zorsines was a 1st-century King ( rex Siracorum ) of the Siraces mentioned in Tacitus ' Annals of the Roman Empire ( XII. 15-19 ) around 50 AD, a people he reports as residing somewhere between the Caucasus mountains and the Don river.

The name itself is only attested once, on the 1st-century Pillar of the Boatmen, but depictions of a horned or antlered figure, often seated cross-legged and often associated with animals and holding or wearing torcs, are known from other instances.

Abba has been found as a personal name in a 1st-century burial at Giv ' at ja-Mivtar, and Abba also appears as a personal name frequently in the Gemara section of the Talmud, dating from AD 200 – 400.

In a 2nd century BC inscription recording a decree of Histria honouring Agathocles, the region already was named Scythia, while the earliest usage of the name " Scythia Minor " ( Mikrá Skythia ) in literature is found in Strabo's early 1st-century Geography.

The only Christian art for which we have approximate 1st-century written and physical evidence, therefore, is an art of symbols that could be used either in a non-Christian or in a Christian context.

Tertullian mentions a 1st-century AD case in which trees were used for crucifixion, but Seneca the Younger earlier used the phrase infelix lignum ( unfortunate wood ) for the transom (" patibulum ") or the whole cross.

The death of Dirce is depicted in a marble statue, a 1st-century AD Roman Copy of a 2nd-century BC Hellenistic Greek original known as the Farnese Bull, which is now in the collections of the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.

An Iron Age fort was built on Bunbury Hill ( c. 1st-century BC ) which is now occupied by the Alton Towers estate.

If this were true, he was also related to the family of Q. Pompeius Falco, which supplied many politicians of consular rank throughout the 3rd century, and to the 1st-century politician, engineer and author Julius Frontinus, as well as a descendant of a first cousin of Trajan.

Smith and his associates asserted that the Church of Christ was a restoration of the 1st-century Christian church, which Smith claimed had fallen from God's favor and authority because of what he called a " Great Apostasy ".

* Stratagems ( Latin: Strategemata ), by the 1st-century Roman author Frontinus, which concerns military stratagems drawn from Greek and Roman history.

Another influence on the treatise can be found in Longinus ' rhetorical figures, which draw from theories by a 1st-century BC writer, Caecilius of Calacte.

There are large gaps in the known early history of the Kerala region, which in the 1st-century AD is thought to have been governed by the Chera dynasty and which by the late 3rd-century AD had broken up, possibly as a consequence of a decline in trade with the Romans.

There has been much discussion as to whether the Pythagorean literature which was widely published at the time in Alexandria was the original work of 1st-century writers or merely reproductions of and commentaries on the older Pythagorean writings.

The 1st-century BC Epicurean philosopher Lucretius interprets the myth of Sisyphus as personifying politicians aspiring for political office who are constantly defeated, with the quest for power, in itself an " empty thing ", being likened to rolling the boulder up the hill.

The 1st-century writer Celsus described two surgical techniques for foreskin restoration in his medical treatise De Medicina.

Theon Senior is named for Theon of Smyrna, a 1st-century Greek mathematician and philosopher.

His popularity waned with time: his unfavorable portrayals of the early emperors could not have earned him favor with Rome's increasingly autocratic rulers, and his obvious contempt for Judaism and Christianity ( both troublesome foreign cults in the eyes of a 1st-century Roman aristocrat ) made him unpopular among the early Church Fathers.

: This article is about Aetius of Antioch the 4th-century CE theologian ; for Aetius of Antioch the 1st-century BCE philosopher, see Aetius ( philosopher ).

First described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised its convenient use, the codex achieved numerical parity with the scroll around AD 300, and had completely replaced it throughout the now Christianised Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.

The region lay at the southernmost end of a traditional trading world that encompassed the Red Sea, the Hadhramaut coast of Arabia and the Indian coast, described in the 1st-century coasting guide that is called the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The passage is one of the earliest non-Christian references to the origin of Christianity, the execution of Christ described in the Canonical gospels, and the presence and persecution of Christians in 1st-century Rome.

Others see the account of the Last Supper as derived from 1st-century eucharistic practice as described by Paul in the mid-50s.

Both groups promoted a return to the purposes of the 1st-century churches as described in the New Testament.

M7 has been known since antiquity ; it was first recorded by the 1st-century Greek-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, who described it as a nebula in 130 AD.

Here John adapts the doctrine of the Logos, God's creative principle, from Philo, a 1st-century Hellenized Jew.

The architects Mnesikles and Callicrates are said to have called the building Hekatompedos (" the hundred footer ") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture, and, in the 4th century and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon ; the 1st-century AD writer Plutarch referred to the building as the Hekatompedon Parthenon.