The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's — and Afghan — power.

By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven year Siege of Khost had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military finally collapsed.

Mojaddedi, as head of the Interim Afghan Government, met with then Vice President of the United States George H. W. Bush, achieving a critical diplomatic victory for the Afghan resistance.

" After Babar had gained a footing in Hindustan by his victory at Panipat in 1526 and had advanced to Agra, the defeated Afghan house of Lodhi still occupied the Central Doab, Oudh, and the eastern districts of the present United Provinces.

Here a complete victory was won on 21 February at the Battle of Gujrat, the Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased out of India.

# Battle of Fatehabad * ( Afghan victory )

# Battle of Kam Dakka * ( Decisive Afghan victory )

# Battle of Asmai Heights * ( Decisive Afghan victory )

# Battle of Maiwand ( Decisive Afghan victory )

A nationally-agreed-upon government would require at least one loya jirga to be convened ; however, in the absence of law and order in the wake of the rapid victory of American and Afghan Northern Alliance forces, immediate steps were felt to be required.

Writer K. K. Bhardwaj in his book " Hemu-Napoleon of medieval India " claimed that Hemu was a native ruler leading a native Afghan army to victory, in battle after battle.

The Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878 – 80 led to the British victory over the Afghan army in Kandahar, bringing the Afghan rebellion to an end.

Afghan commanders after their victory at the Battle of Maiwand.

Poems of the victory at Maiwand have passed into Pashtun and Afghan folklore.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms.

This is a timeline of Afghan history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Afghanistan and its predecessor states.

The issue arose when the river shifted course, leaving several Tajik cotton fields on the Afghan side of the river.

From the Oxus ( 1, 000 feet ) to Faizabad ( 4, 000 feet ) and Zebak ( 8, 500 feet ) the course of the Kokcha offers a high road across Badakhshan ; between Zebak and Ishkashim, at the Oxus bend, there is but an insignificant pass of 9, 500 feet ; and from Ishkashim by the Panj River, through the Pamirs, is the continuation of what must once have been a much-traversed trade route connecting Afghan Turkestan with Kashgar of China.

In that capacity he served for three years, his political labours being as meritorious as was his gallantry during various engagements in the course of the Afghan War ; for these he was rewarded by the distinction of Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1844.

It is an ancient tradition, and one not without some historical plausibility ... if the Afghan tribes persistently adhere to the tradition that they were once Hebrews and in course of time embraced Islam, and there is not an alternative tradition also existent among them, they are certainly Jewish.

After the 1989 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, maintenance suffered, and eventually, in the course of combat between the Afghan Northern Alliance and the Taliban in 1997 – 1998, the tunnel's entrances and ventilation system were destroyed, so that it could only be crossed by foot in the dark.

The heads of the Afghan leaders killed were thrown into a boat and brought to Akbar who forwarded them to Daud as a hint of the fate which awaited and in due course befell him.

In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.

He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.

Under pressure, Abdur Rahman agreed in 1893 to accept a mission headed by the British Indian foreign secretary, Sir Mortimer Durand, to define the limits of British and Afghan control in the Pashtun territories.

It is claimed that some Indian companies buy Afghan pistachios for a very low price, process them in India and sell to western countries as Indian products.

The earliest record of the name " Afghan " (" Abgân ") being mentioned is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE which is later recorded in the form of " Avagānā " by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his 6th century CE Brihat-samhita.

The region became part of the Afghan Ghaznavid Empire in the 10th century, during the Indian invasions by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.

Some of the targets were the Kabul International Airport, Serena Hotel, Kabul City Center, Inter-Continental Hotel, UN guest house, the Presidential palace, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Justice, Indian Embassy, Afghan National Police stations, supermarkets, residence of Burhanuddin Rabbani and other top Afghan officials.

Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe to Athens and on to Istanbul, then by train through central Turkey via Erzurum, continuing by bus into Iran, via Tabriz and Tehran to Mashhad, across the Afghan border into Herat, through southern Afghanistan via Kandahar to Kabul, over the Khyber Pass into Pakistan, via Rawalpindi and Lahore to the Indian frontier.

As recent as October 2011, while Karzai was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the National Directorate of Security ( NDS ) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate Karzai.

In contrast to Carnatic music, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, Vedic philosophy and native Indian sounds but also by the Persian performance practices of the Afghan Mughals.

During a series of attacks by Afghan warriors, all Europeans but one, William Brydon, were killed on the march back to India ; a few Indian soldiers survived also and crossed into India later.

In addition to the usual American, Caribbean, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Irish, Mexican and Thai restaurants, there are multiple Afghan, Argentine, Ethiopian, Peruvian, Turkish, Indian, Pakistani and Vietnamese restaurants.

British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting the oilfields at Abadan and watching the Afghan frontier – Curzon believed that British economic and military aid, sent via India, could prop up the Persian government and make her a British client state.

In 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, British-led Indian forces invaded Afghanistan and initiated a war with the Afghan rulers.

He continues, " It is worthy of note that extreme deference is paid to the Naqeeb of Baghdad and his family by many of the most influential and wealthy as well as the humble and poorest, of Indian and Afghan Muslims ".

During the Afghan campaigns ( 1878 – 80 ) the Nawab placed the entire resources of his State at the disposal of the British Indian Government, and a contingent of his troops was employed in keeping open communications, and in guarding the Dera Ghazi Khan frontier.

The Afghan prime minister, who is paying yet another visit to Delhi, is invited to address members of the Indian parliament, and he reaffirms his hope that the close and sincere relations already existing between Afghanistan and India will remain for the benefit of world peace.

These steps do not improve Afghanistan's relations with the Indian government, which is already looking with suspicion on some of its military activities ; so much so that in August Mr. Yunus, the secretary of the Afghan legation in London, thought it necessary to send a communication to The Times stating that the number of Afghanistan's aeroplanes was too small to cause any apprehension, and that the Russians engaged in the air service were employed as pilots or mechanics in the same way as any other Europeans.

A treaty ( amending the Treaty of Rawalpindi agreed originally in August 1919 ) between the Britain and Afghanistan is signed at Kabul, on the Afghan government giving written assurances that no Russian consulates will be permitted in the areas adjoining the Indian frontier.

Tahrir is also prevalent in Azerbaijani, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Afghan, and Central Asian musical traditions ; and to a lesser extent Pakistani and a few Indian musical traditions.

Thus Afghan music features a mix of Persian melodies, Arab scales, Indian compositional principles as well as sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns or Tajiks and the instruments used range from Indian tablas to long-necked lutes.