Throughout this period, Allemanic dukes maintained their primary seat in Überlingen.

Evidence of conflicts between the Romans, their power waning, and the Allemanic and other Germanic groups, their power rising, appears throughout the region.

Through the financial and lobbyist support of Charlemagne ’ s wife Hildegard, an Allemanic princess, the monastery managed to become one of the most privileged monasteries of the Frankish Empire.

The area was an Allemanic settlement.

Then the king came to the Haye in Touraine and his men had passed the river of Loire, some at the bridge of Orléans and some at Meung, at Saumur, at Blois, and at Tours and whereas they might: they were in number a twenty thousand men of arms beside other ; there were a twenty-six dukes and earls ( Counts ) and more than sixscore banners, and the four sons of the king, who were but young, the duke Charles of Normandy, the lord Louis, that was from thenceforth duke of Anjou, and the lord John duke of Berry, and the lord Philip, who was after duke of Burgoyne ".

But then they were usually photographed with dukes and princesses, so he was properly flattered.

Diocletian's reforms shifted the governors ' main function to that of the presiding official in the lower courts: whereas in the early Empire military and judicial functions were the function of governor, and procurators had supervised taxation ; under the new system vicarii and governors were responsible for justice and taxation, and a new class of duces (" dukes "), acting independently of the civil service, had military command.

These counts were sometimes referred to informally, on account of the great power in the region, as dukes of Franconia.

At the court of Hungary there were two parties arrayed against each other: the Magyar party under the leadership of Zápolyas and the German party under the leadership of George of Brandenburg, whose authority was increased by the acquisition of the duchies of Ratibor and Oppeln by hereditary treaties with their respective dukes and of the territories of Oderberg, Beuthen, and Tarnowitz as pledges from the king of Bohemia, who could not redeem his debts.

Regions of the Frankish Empire were placed under the control of autonomous dukes of mixed Frankish and native blood.

The 1232 document marked the first time that the German dukes were called domini terræ, owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

* Doges were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but " reigned " as sovereign dukes.

Led by Rollo, some Vikings had settled in Normandy and were granted the land, first as counts and then as dukes, by King Charles the Simple, in order to protect the land from other raiders.

The three Archbishops oversaw the most venerable and powerful sees in Germany, while the other four were supposed to represent the dukes of the four nations ( the Franks, Swabians, Saxons and Bavarians ); they also hold great offices in the imperial household.

* Two dukes, both military officers, were nicknamed the " Iron Duke " during their lifetimes:

The outstanding handful of Frankish saints who were not of the Merovingian kinship nor the family alliances that provided Merovingian counts and dukes, deserve a closer inspection for that fact alone: like Gregory of Tours, they were almost without exception from the Gallo-Roman aristocracy in regions south and west of Merovingian control.

The treaty's signatories include twenty Lithuanian dukes and one dowager duchess ; it specifies that five of these were elder and thus took precedence over the remaining sixteen.

Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly.

In the 12th century, the dukes of Zähringen were given authority over part of the Burgundy territories which covered the western part of modern Switzerland.

The annual councils of the entire tribe began with invocations of the gods, and the procedure by which dukes were elected in wartime, by drawing lots, it is presumed had religious significance, that is, giving trust to divine providence-it seems-to guide the random decision making.

In the Middle Ages German colonists were invited by the Piast dukes of Silesia and the Přemyslid kings of Bohemia to settle in the previously Slavic areas for agricultural and urban development in the course of the Ostsiedlung.

) Most of these territories were in effect ceded to the German Empire, which intended to have them become economically dependent on and politically closely tied to the empire under various German kings and dukes.

The settlers were called in by local dukes and monasteries to repopulate land devastated in the wars, to cultivate the large woodlands and heavy soils that have not been settled before, and to found cities as part of the " Ostsiedlung " ( German eastward expansion ).

On their return, the Hungarian dukes Lél, Bulcsú and Sur, who were not Árpáds, were executed.

Other descendants of Władysław the Short ( through the Silesian dukes of Świdnica ) included the then Emperor Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, who died without Issue in 1419, as well as the Silesian dukes of Opole and Sagan.

Mindaugas, despite his youth, as well as his brother Dausprungas are listed among the elder dukes, implying that they had inherited their titles.

During the Fragmentation of Poland, Silesia, as well as the rest of the country, was divided among many independent duchies ruled by various Silesian dukes.

From 1485, it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony, and from 1547 the electors as well.

The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called " grand duchesses " in English.

As the dukes then also ruled over the Lesser Polish lands east of the Biała River, settlements arose on both banks like Bielitz ( now Stare Bielsko ), Nickelsdorf ( Mikuszowice Śląskie ), Kamitz ( Kamienica ), Batzdorf ( Komorowice Śląskie ) and Kurzwald in the west as well as Kunzendorf ( Lipnik ), Alzen ( Hałcnów ) and Wilmesau in the east.

A leader of the Catholic League, he invoked the hereditary rights of his wife, Marie de Luxembourg, who was a descendant of the dukes of Brittany and heiress of the Blois-Brosse claim to the duchy as well as Duchess of Penthièvre in Brittany, and organized a government at Nantes.

One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title " grand duke " by the dukes of Burgundy during the 15th century, when they ruled a vast tract of modern day eastern France as well as most of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

However, in the German language ( which has separate words for royal prince, " Prinz ", and for sovereign prince, " Fürst "), the grand dukes of Lithuania and historic Russian states, as well as other Eastern European princes and later Russian dynasts, were referred to with the title " Großfürst ", a direct translation, rather than using the version " Großherzog ".

The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called " grand duchesses " in English.

Guelph ( often spelled Guelf ; in Italian Guelfo, plural Guelfi ) is an Italian form of Welf, the family of the dukes of Bavaria ( including the namesake Welf, as well as Henry the Lion ).

By the 1020s the dukes were able to impose vassalage on the lay nobility as well.

Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.

Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth, as well as one Great Prince or Grand Duke of Finland ( who died in infancy ).

This list of dukes and duchesses in Sweden excludes minor duchies ( individual towns, manors, mines, estates ) as well as former lands and provinces such as Finland and Estonia which are no longer in the kingdom.

In the 1740s a New Palace was built in Stuttgart, and it was favoured by some of the dukes and kings of Württemberg as their primary residence, but Ludwigsburg remained in use as well.

A decade of interregnum after the death of Alboin's successor ( 574 ), however, left the Lombard dukes ( especially the southern ones ) well settled in their new territories and quite independent of the Lombard kings at Pavia.

Even though Bruno's successors as archbishops would not be dukes as well, they would be the secular as well as the ecclesiastical rulers of Cologne until the battle of Worringen three centuries later.

The replacement administrative system functioned surprisingly well, because the then advocates ( Vögte ) were ducal officials and received estates awarded by the dukes.

Through his mother Zita of Parma ( a great-granddaughter of Teresa of Savoy, Duchess of Lucca and Parma, who was daughter of Teresa of Modena, Queen of Sardinia, who was daughter of Mary Beatrice d ' Este and Ferdinand of Austria, Duchess and Duke of Breisgau and Modena ), Archduke Robert happened to be a descendant of Duke Ercole III d ' Este as well, and thus the blood of last Este dukes joined with the name Austria-Este.

Their wardens, all of whom were soldiers, treated them well ; they even helped the grand dukes smuggle out letters.