Generally the term describes only the defenses facing Germany, while the term Alpine Line is used for the Franco-Italian defenses.

Amtrak operates the Alpine Station on the former Southern Pacific Railroad's Sunset Line.

He wanted to conduct a small offensive along the Gothic Line against the Allies, with his new RSI Divisions: on December 1944 the Alpine Division " Monte Rosa " with some German battalions fought the Battle of Garfagnana with some success.

In contrast to the main line in the northeastern portion of France, the Alpine Line traversed a mountainous region of the Maritime Alps, the Cottian Alps and the Graian Alps, with relatively few passes suitable for invading armies.

Access was difficult for construction and for the Alpine Line garrisons.

The Alpine Line mounted few anti-tank weapons, since the terrain was mostly unsuitable for the use of tanks.

The Alpine Line was unsuccessfully attacked by Italian forces during the Italian invasion of France in 1940.

Following World War II, some of the larger positions of the Alpine Line were retained in use through the Cold War.

The Alpine Line was divided into three major sectors.

The Alpine Line featured relatively few artillery ouvrages, tending instead to use mixed-arms positions that combined artillery casemates and infantry positions.

Like the main Maginot Line did with the Germans, the Alpine Line achieved the goal of preventing the Italians from advancing through the protected areas.

The Italian counterpart to the Alpine Line was Italy's Alpine Wall ( Vallo Alpino ), the western portions of which faced the Alpine Line across the Alpine Valleys.

* List of works on the Alpine Line

Close by are various ancient blockhouses, remnants of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.

Alpine () was a French manufacturer of racing and sports cars that used rear-mounted Renault engines.

Lake Thun () is an Alpine lake in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland.

The Alpine Fortress () was the World War II national redoubt planned by Heinrich Himmler in November / December 1943 for Nazi Germany's retreat to an area from " southern Bavaria across western Austria to northern Italy ".

The Franz Senn Hut () is an alpine hut in the Stubai Alps owned by the Austrian Alpine Club ( Österreichischer Alpenverein ).

The Austrian Alpine Club () has 377, 000 members in 197 branches and is the largest mountaineering club in Austria.

Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes.

It is long, rising at Cayuta Lake, sometimes locally referred to as " Little Lake ", near Alpine in the town of Catherine, in eastern Schuyler County.

Image: Little Redfish Lake. JPG | Little Redfish Lake barely visible from the Alpine Way Trail

Compared with the northeastern Maginot positions, the Alpine fortifications made comparatively little use of retracting turrets, using instead concreted casemates in mountainsides surveying prepared fields of fire.

* Ouvrage de la Madeleine, a former name for Ouvrage Rimplas, a work of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension

Cretin became a medical term in the 18th century, from an Alpine French dialect prevalent in a region where persons with such a condition were especially common ( see below ); it saw wide medical use in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then spread more widely in popular English as a markedly derogatory term for a person who behaves stupidly.

The most common derivation provided in English dictionaries is from the Alpine French dialect pronunciation of the word Chrétien ("( a ) Christian "), which was a greeting there.

While Villars wanted to immediately move to secure the Alpine passes against Austrian reinforcements by moving against Mantua, Charles Emmanuel, mistrustful of his French allies and their dealings with Spain, sought to secure Milan.

In the 21st century, French Airborne units have merged with Alpine troops and special forces units to create the Commandements des Operations Speciales ( equivalent of US SOCOM ).

* Alpine ( automobile ), a French manufacturer of cars

The Austrian advance into Piedmont was incompetent, and they were unable to secure the Alpine passes before the arrival of the French army, led personally by Napoleon III.

* Jean Rédélé ( 1922 – 2007 ), automotive pioneer, pilot and founder of the French automotive brand Alpine.

The French historian Fernand Braudel, in his famous volume on Mediterranean civilisation, describes the Alps as “ an exceptional range of mountains from the point of view of resources, collective disciplines, the quality of its human population and the number of good roads .” This remarkable human presence in the Alpine region came into being with the population growth and agrarian expansion of the High Middle Ages.

* Histoire des Alpes – Storia delle Alpi – Geschichte der Alpen: annual journal of the International Society for Alpine History with French, Italian and German articles and English abstracts, Chronos Verlag, Zurich, from 1996, ISSN 1660-8070 ; online access on http :// www. arc. usi. ch / labisalp or http :// retro. seals. ch.

The first was the English Alpine Club ( founded in the winter of 1857 – 1858 ), followed in 1862 by the Austrian Alpine Club ( which in 1873 was fused, under the name of the German and Austrian Alpine Club, with the German Alpine Club, founded in 1869 ), in 1863 by the Italian and Swiss Alpine Clubs, and in 1874 by the French Alpine Club, not to mention numerous minor societies of more local character.

The growth of tourism in the early 19th century led to the formation of the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix in 1821, to regulate access to the mountain slopes ( which were communally or co-operatively owned ), and this association held a monopoly of guiding from the town until it was broken by French government action in 1892 ; thereafter guides were required to hold a diploma issued by a commission dominated by civil servants and members of the French Alpine Club rather than local residents.

Gobineau's basic concept, as further refined and developed in Nazism, places the black Aboriginal Australians and " African savages " at the bottom of the hierarchy, while the white Northern and Western European Aryans ( consisting of Germans, Finnish, Swedish, Icelanders, Norwegians, Danish, British, French, Northern Italians, Irish and Dutch ) were at the top ; white olive-skinned Southern Europeans ( consisting of the Spanish, Southern Italians, Greeks and Portuguese, i. e. those of what is called the Mediterranean race, which was regarded as another subrace of the Caucasian race ) in the upper middle ranks ; Slavs ( Even though the Slavs are white and of Indo-European ancestry, the Nazis placed them lower on the scale because they were regarded as primarily of the Alpine race rather than the Nordic race, and thus fit only to be peasants.

Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alpine regions of Europe, the French and German language names of téléphérique and Seilbahn, respectively, are often also used in an English language context.

Jean Rédélé ( 1922-2007 ), the founder of Alpine, was originally a Dieppe garage proprietor, who began to achieve considerable competition success in one of the few French cars produced just after World War 2.

Strangely enough with the numerous company takeovers that have occurred, it is another French company, PSA ( Peugot / Talbot / Citroën ) who now own the British Alpine trademark.

Guy Fréquelin in the Alpine A310-V6 " Calberson " wins the 1977 French rally championship.

The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts which included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France ( Honore Bonnet ) and the USA ( Bob Beattie ).

The disadvantage of the pike came to be widely recognised: at the Battle of Fleurus ( 1690 ) German battalions armed only with the musket repulsed French cavalry attacks more effectively than units conventionally armed with the pike, while Catinat had abandoned his pikes altogether before undertaking his Alpine campaign against Savoy.