He was a Keynesian, an institutionalist, and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

Daniel Clement Dennett ( born March 28, 1942 ) is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

Robert Sussman, an evolutionary anthropologist and the editor in-chief of American Anthropologist, explained why the journal did not accept ads for Rushton's 1998 book:

Stephen Jay Gould ( September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002 ) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

The evolutionary relationships of the tree of life were refined using genetic data by the American microbiologist Carl Woese, the discoverer of the domain Archaea and a pioneer in molecular ( genetic ) methods in evolutionary biology.

Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945 ) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist and embryologist and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity.

Reviews of the book in learned journals were little short of ecstatic ; the American Naturalist called it " The outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps of the century.

In March 2007, American physicist Gregory Cochran and paleoanthropologist John Hawks published a study, alongside other recent research on which it builds, which amounts to a radical reappraisal of traditional views, which tended to assume that humans have reached an evolutionary endpoint.

The fossil species assigned to the genus Machairodus were divided by Turner into two grades of evolutionary development-M. aphanistus and the North American " Nimravides " catacopis representing the more primitive grade, and M. coloradensis and M. giganteus representing the more derived grade.

Later lichenologists include the American scientists Vernon Ahmadjian and Edward Tuckerman and the Russian evolutionary biologist Konstantin Merezhkovsky.

Sarah Hrdy ( née Blaffer ; born July 11, 1946 ) is an American anthropologist and primatologist who has made several major contributions to evolutionary psychology and sociobiology.

The fourth Caribbean crow, the Palm Crow ( C. palmarum ), is a later arrival in evolutionary terms and shows characteristics more akin to North American species such as the Fish Crow ( C. ossifragus ), which it is probably closely related to.

Tom Gilb ( 1940 ) is an American systems engineer, consultant, and author, known for the development of software metric, software inspection, and evolutionary processes.

Turner set up an evolutionary model ( he had studied evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin ), using the time dimension of American history, and the geographical space of the land that became the United States.

Robert Wright ( born 1957 ) is an American journalist, scholar, and prize-winning author of best-selling books about science, evolutionary psychology, history, religion, and game theory, including The Evolution of God, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny, The Moral Animal, and Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.

* Paul W. Ewald, American evolutionary biologist

* David Sloan Wilson ( born 1949 ), American evolutionary biologist

This evolutionary redesign of the American 2. 9 solved many of the reliability issues that plagued its predecessor.

The Baldwin effect, also known as Baldwinian evolution or ontogenic evolution, is a theory of a possible evolutionary process that was originally put forward in 1896 in a paper, " A New Factor in Evolution ," by American psychologist James Mark Baldwin.

Cope's rule, postulated by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, states that population lineages tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time.

However, during the evolutionary process, the species became non-viable on the two American continents, leaving them free of Yilané for millions of years and opening an ecological niche for a top predator.

In 1973, a famous anti-young earth creationist essay by the evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky was published in the American Biology Teacher entitled Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.

* Henry Crampton ( 1875 – 1956 ), American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist

* 1914 – Armen Alchian, American economist

* 1902 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1998 )

" The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker ( rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it ).

* 1972 – Thomas Woods, American historian, economist, and educator

* 1929 – Thorstein Veblen, American economist and sociologist ( b. 1857 )

* 2012 – Paul McCracken, American economist ( b. 1915 )

* 1921 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

* 1924 – Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

* 1921 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 1944 – James Heckman, American economist, Bank of Sweden Prize

* 1930 – Gary Becker, American economist, recipient of the Bank of Sweden Prize

* 1991 – George Joseph Stigler, American economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner ( b. 1911 )

* 1958 – Gene Sperling, American economist and government official

* 1940 – Edward C. Prescott, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 1920 – George Shultz, American economist, statesman, and 60th United States Secretary of State

* 1953 – Ben Bernanke, American economist and current United States Chairman of the Federal Reserve

John Kenneth Galbraith, the Canadian-American Harvard University economist, who advised governments of India during the 1950s, an intimate of Nehru who served as the American ambassador from 1961 to 1963, was a particularly harsh critic of Mountbatten in this regard.

* 1939 – Eugene Fama, American economist

* 1928 – Allan Meltzer, American economist

** Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( b. 1938 ), American economist

* 1922 – Gordon Tullock, American economist

* 1930 – Israel Kirzner, American economist

* 1867 – Irving Fisher, American economist ( d. 1947 )

* 1953 – Paul Krugman, American economist, Nobel laureate

* 1943 – Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel laureate