In Old English, ð ( referred to as ðæt by the Anglo-Saxons ) was used interchangeably with þ ( thorn ) to represent either voiced or voiceless dental fricatives.

The highest political division beneath that of kingdom among the Anglo-Saxons was the ealdormanry and, while the title ealdorman was replaced by the Danish eorl ( later earl ) over time, the first ealdormen were referred to as duces ( the plural of the original Latin dux ) in the chronicles.

It is not known if the Anglo-Saxons had a specific name for the game or if they generically referred to it as " tæfl " in the way that modern people might refer to " cards ".

In England during the Early Medieval period, various forms of folk magic could be found amongst the Anglo-Saxons, who referred to such practitioners as wicca ( male ) or wicce ( female ), or at times also as dry, practitioners of drycraeft, the latter of which have been speculated as being anglicised terms for the Irish drai, a term referring to druids, who appeared as anti-Christian sorcerers in much Irish literature of the period.

Cunedda's heir, Einion Yrth defeated the remaining Gaelic Irish on Môn by 470, while his son Cadwallon Lawhir appears to have consolidated the realm during the time of relative peace following the Battle of Mons Badonicus where the Anglo-Saxons were soundly defeated.

Historians of this period appear united in the view that the Britons of the south-west, known to the Anglo-Saxons as the “ West Welsh ”, Britons or “ Welsh of the Horn Britain ” (‘’ Cornu-Wealha ’’), organised themselves into a realm based on the old Latin tribal definition of the Dumnonii and called “ Dyfnaint ” in the language of the West Welsh, later mutated into “ Dewnans ” in the Cornish language.

Peripheral areas of the realm such as Dorset, Glastonbury, Bath and Cornwall may well have been subordinate or confederate sub-kingdoms united with central Dyfnaint against the common foe ; the Anglo-Saxons.

It is said that, when Londinium ( also known then as Caer Lundein ) was captured by the invading Anglo-Saxons during the late 6th century, all the British ( Celtic ) inhabitants were forced to live on the east bank of the Walbrook while the Saxons would reside on the west.

Kiernan's reasoning has in part to do with the much-discussed political context of the poem: it has been held by most scholars, until recently, that the poem was composed in the 8th century on the assumption that a poem eliciting sympathy for the Danes could not have been composed by Anglo-Saxons during the Viking Ages of the 9th and 10th centuries, and that the poem celebrates the namesakes of 8th Century Mercian Kings.

Quite possibly it was a survival of a Roman concept of " Britain ": it is significant that, while the hyperbolic inscriptions on coins and titles in charters often included the title rex Britanniae, when England was unified the title used was rex Angulsaxonum, (' king of the Anglo-Saxons '.

He was sent from Italy to England by Pope Gregory the Great, on a mission to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism, probably arriving with the second group of missionaries despatched in 601.

* New England ( medieval ), an area on the north coast of the Black Sea said to have been colonised by Anglo-Saxons in the 11th century

* Harold I Harefoot, king of the Anglo-Saxons ( 1035 – 1040 ), illegitimate son of Cnut, died in 1040 and his half-brother, Harthacanute, on succeeding him, had his body taken from its tomb and cast in a pen with animals.

However, Stephen Oppenheimer and Bryan Sykes argue that there was no population displacement, as the Anglo-Saxons had relatively little genetic impact on England.

The Saxons (,,, ) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, some of whom migrated to the British Isles during the Middle Ages and formed part of the merged group of Anglo-Saxons that would eventually carve out the first united Kingdom of England.

During the 17th and 18th centuries some historians and lawyers saw William's reign as imposing a " Norman yoke " on the native Anglo-Saxons, an argument that continued during the 19th century with further elaborations along nationalistic lines.

Modranicht, an event focused on collective female beings attested by Bede as having occurred among the pagan Anglo-Saxons on what is now Christmas Eve, has been seen as further evidence of a fertility event during the Yule period.

* Mōdraniht, an event attested by Bede as having occurred among the pagan Anglo-Saxons on what is now Christmas Eve

The Anglo-Saxons call the British nobles to a peace conference at Stonehenge but turn on them and massacre almost everyone ( approximate date ).

Chatham stands on the A2 road along the line of the ancient Celtic route, which was paved by the Romans, and named Watling Street by the Anglo-Saxons.

The names and many details of their culture are in fact based on Germanic-derived cultures, particularly that of the Anglo-Saxons and their Old English language, towards which Tolkien felt a strong affinity.

Fitzhugh, along with a number of southern writers, used the term to differentiate Southerners from Northerners, based on the dichotomy that Southerners were supposedly descendents of Normans / Cavaliers whereas Northerners were descendents of Anglo-Saxons / Puritans.

The historic counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires established by the Anglo-Saxons and others.

Other scholars group all female spirits and deities associated with battle under the class of idis, dis, valkyrie and other names such as sigewif ( victory-women, associated by the Anglo-Saxons with a swarm of bees ) and find the commonalities both linguistically and in surviving myths and magic charms sufficient cause to group together all variations on this theme from various Germanic cultures.

Tradition says that the Viking invaders failed to defeat the native Anglo-Saxons on the coast of Formby, so they sailed inland, up the River Alt, and attacked from the rear.

Grundtvig went on to explore the extensive literature of the Anglo-Saxons which survived in Old English and Latin.

Celtic art in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the Anglo-Saxons creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or Insular art, which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages.

The Anglo-Saxons later chose Stamford as their main town, being on a more important river than the Gwash.

Recently it has been suggested that an Old European river-name was taken for an Old English adjective and that stour came to represent one pole of a structural opposition, with blyth at the opposite pole, allowing Anglo-Saxons to classify rivers on a continuum of fierceness.

That is, there was no trace of Anglo-Saxons in Britain as early as the late third century, to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the Saxon Shore forts was beginning to point.

The means by which they marshaled the forces to defend against marauders also left the Anglo-Saxons vulnerable to the Vikings.

A brief account of Christianity in Roman Britain, including the martyrdom of St Alban, is followed by the story of Augustine's mission to England in 597, which brought Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.

However, Bede ignores the fact that at the time of Augustine's mission, the history between the two was one of warfare and conquest, which, in the words of Barbara Yorke, would have naturally " curbed any missionary impulses towards the Anglo-Saxons from the British clergy.

The Chronicle records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Indeed, numerous archaeologists and geneticists now dismiss the long-held assumption that the invading Anglo-Saxons wiped out the native Britons in England when they invaded, pointing instead to the possibility of a more limited folk movement bringing a new language and culture which the natives gradually assimilated.

Mellitus was the recipient of a famous letter from Pope Gregory I known as the Epistola ad Mellitum, preserved in a later work by the medieval chronicler Bede, which suggested the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons be undertaken gradually, integrating pagan rituals and customs.

An Irish source, the Annals of Tigernach, records that the Anglo-Saxons banded together against Oswald early in his reign ; this may indicate an attempt to put an end to Oswald's overlordship south of the Humber, which presumably failed.

Notable types of Early medieval spears include the Angon, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman pilum, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons and the winged ( or lugged ) spear, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing.

Chroniclers have noticed the right of Ælfwynn so precisely as to leave no doubt concerning her claim ; and this fact is of considerable value in showing that, contrary to the practice of other Germanic peoples, the sovereign authority amongst the Anglo-Saxons might descend to a female ; or, according to the Anglo-Saxon expression, which the French have adopted, " fall to the spindle side ".

Hostilities between the Anglo-Saxons and the Welsh came to a head with the Battle of Hereford in 760, in which the Britons freed themselves from the influence of the English.

* Bede treated this passage in his paraphrase as saying that the battle was — he inserted " about "— 44 years after the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain, which Bede ( not Gildas ) said was in 449.

The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( also known as the Danelagh ; Old English: Dena lagu ; ), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the " Danes " held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.

1024 ) in the low Seine valley, which shows together with other place-names and anthroponyms in Normandy, that there were Anglo-Saxons among the Danish settlers.

Lothian was settled by Anglo-Saxons at an early stage and formed the Kingdom of Bernicia which extended south into present-day northern Northumberland.

His supporters would have had reason to feel threatened by the large number of Anglo-Saxons which had arrived in Scotland uder the reign of Malcolm III.

Others have suggested a connection with Bath, which the Anglo-Saxons called Acemannesceastre ( Acemannes apparently being derived from the Roman name Aquae Sulis ).

The Anglo-Saxons routinely identified Mercury with Woden ; both rule Wednesday ( which takes its name from Woden in English ).

Bruce Mitchell notes that “ The Dream of the Rood ” is “ the central literary document for understanding resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons ”.

Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons were the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice ; the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period.

The Anglo-Saxons built the church at West Mersea ( St Peter & St Paul ) which may have been founded as early as the 7th century.