The Arthashastra, dating from the 400 BC, and the Manusmriti from 100 AD were influential treatises in India, texts that were considered authoritative legal guidance.

The Arthashastra, dating from 400 BC and the Manusmriti, from 100 AD, were influential treatises in India, texts that were considered authoritative legal guidance.

Historians theorize that the organization of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Kautilya in the Arthashastra: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade.

Farmers were freed of tax and crop collection burdens from regional kings, paying instead to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation as advised by the principles in the Arthashastra.

Some ancient sources such as Laws of Manu VIII and Chanakya's Arthashastra have rules for lawsuits between two or more sreni and some sources make reference to a government official ( Bhandagarika ) who worked as an arbitrator for disputes amongst sreni from at least the 6th century BC onwards.

Similarly, Bhavabhuti utilizes words and ideas from the Arthashastra in the Malatimadhava and the Mahaviracharita.

Arthashastra of Kautiliya gives high prominence to the Kambhoja, Sindhu, Aratta and Vanayu horses and lesser to those from the Bahlíka ( Bactria ), Papeya, Sauvira and Taitala countries but this important text on state-craft also makes no reference to the Gandhara and Aśvaka horses.

How could the Kambojas who otherwise find so prominent a mention ( 1 ) as independent rulers of a great Mahajanapada per Buddhist texts of 500 BCE ; 2 ) as a very salient Kshatriya tribe in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi of 400 BCE ; ( 3 ) as an important self-ruling people in Arthashastra of Kautiliya (~ 300 BCE )– the prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya which authority also glorifies the war horses of the Kamboja to be the foremost among the best breed of the known horses while making no reference whatsoever to the Gandharas or their horses ; and ( 4 ) lastly but not the least, also being so importantly referred to the Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra Rock Edicts of Asoka (~ 250 BCE ) etc – fell out of limelight so abruptly and becoming virtually extinct so suddenly in the intervening period of Alexander's invasion ( 326 BCE ) just 50 – 60 years anterior to king Asoka's reign unless we equate them to same people as the Aspasioi and Assakenoi of the Greek writings?

* Chanakya ( c. 350-c. 275 BCE ), author of Arthashastra, professor ( acharya ) of political science at the Takshashila University

Logic is described by Chanakya ( c. 350-283 BCE ) in his Arthashastra as an independent field of inquiry anviksiki.

The Arthashastra of Kautiliya, whose oldest layer may go back to the 4th century BCE also talks of several martial republics and specifically refers to the Srenis ( warrior-bands ) of the Kambojas, Saurashtra language | Surastras and some other frontier tribes as belonging to varta-Shastr-opajivin class ( i. e., living by the profession of arms and varta ), while the Madraka, Malla ( India ) | Malla, the The Kurus | Kuru, etc., clans are called Raja-shabd-opajivins class ( i. e., using the title of Raja ).

Logic is described by Chanakya ( c. 350-283 BCE ) in his Arthashastra as an independent field of inquiry anviksiki.

Fourth century BCE Arthashastra of Kautiliya refers to the Madras as following republican constitution.

The 4th century BCE Arthashastra also attests the Panchalas as following the Rajashabdopajivin ( king consul ) constitution.

* The Arthashastra by Kautiliya, a treatise on statecraft written between the 4th century BCE and the 4th century CE, classifies the Kamboja and Saurashtra kingdoms as one entity, since the same form of politico-economic institutions existed in both republics.

The book of laws, the Manusmriti, and the treatise on statecraft the Arthashastra were among the influential works of this era which reflect the outlook and understanding of the world at the time.

However, the edicts of Ashoka and the contents of Arthashastra reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events ; the mention of a 100 ' panas ' fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule-breakers did exist.

Ancient Kambojas were constituted into military Sanghas and Srenis ( Corporations ) to manage their political and military affairs, as Arthashastra of Kautiliya as well as the Mahabharata amply attest for us.

Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra around 300BC in which various strategies, techniques and management theories were written which gives an account on the management of empires, economy and family.

In the Arthashastra, used for example in Magadha, precise standards were set as to grain production.

Indian tribals were also part of royal armies in the Ramayana and in the Arthashastra.

The modern Kamboj are still found living chiefly by agriculture, business and military service which were the chief professions followed by their Kamboja ancestors some 2500 years ago as powerfully attested by Arthashastra and Brihat Samhita.

Amongst the subjects taught were Art, Architecture, Painting, Logic, mathematics, Grammar, Philosophy, Astronomy, Literature, Buddhism, Hinduism, Arthashastra ( Economics & Politics ), Law, and Medicine.

Political philosophy originates in Ancient India with the Hindu text Manusmṛti, or Laws of Manu and Chanakya's Arthashastra.

Indian texts like Markandeya Purana, Vishnu Dharmottari Agni Purana, Garuda Purana, Arthashastra of Barhaspatya and Brhatsamhita of Vrahamihira attest Kamboja references in south-western and southern India.

The Arthashastra, attributed to the Mauryan minister Chanakya, is one of the early Indian texts devoted to political philosophy.

It therefore has a practical orientation, similar to that of Arthashastra, the tradition of texts on politics and government.

The Kamboja peoples are referenced in numerous ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts including Sama Veda, Atharvaveda, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, Kautiliya's Arthashastra, Yasaka's Nirukata, Buddhist Jatakas, Jaina Canons, ancient grammar books and plays etc.

The Manu Smriti ( 10. 63 ), Chanakya ’ s Arthashastra ( 1. 3. 13 ) and the Vasishtha Dharmasutra ( 4. 4 ) point out that ahimsa is a duty for all the four classes ( Varnas ) of society.

Chanakya ( c. 350 – 283 BC ) wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra.

The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the construction of dams and bridges.

In Arthashastra, Chanakya developed a viewpoint which recalls both the Legalists and Niccolò Machiavelli.

Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra, a treatise on political thought, economics and social order.

The name Lokāyata can be traced to Kautilya's Arthashastra, which refers to three ānvīkṣikīs ( logical philosophies ) — Yoga, Samkhya and Lokāyata.

However, Lokāyata in Arthashastra, does not stand for materialism because the Arthashastra refers to Lokāyata as a part of Vedic lore.

Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War ( 6th century BC ), Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War ( 5th century BC ), Chanakya's Arthashastra ( 4th century BC ), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes ' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.

* Arthashastra, an ancient Indian text with many similarities.

The city is also mentioned in Kautilya's ( 370 – 283 BC ) Arthashastra.

A paddle dating from this period was found at the crannóg near Dookinella.

The earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age.

The Basilica Aemilia in the Roman Forum did burn down, which perhaps can be attributed to Alaric: the archaeological evidence was provided by coins dating from 410 found melted in the floor.

empire the records have not yet been unearthed ; but in a letter dating from the third millennium BC, six men of Hanat ( Ha-na-atK1 ) are mentioned in a statement as to certain disturbances which had occurred in the sphere of the Babylonian

In a tablet unearthed at Kish ( dating from about 700 BC ), the scribe Bêl-bân-aplu wrote his zeros with three hooks, rather than two slanted wedges.

Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ).

There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675 ; the second is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834.

This family includes extant manuscripts dating from the 5th century or later ; however, papyrus fragments may be used to show that this text-type dates as early as the Alexandrian or Western text-types.

Churches that claim some form of episcopal apostolic succession, dating back to the apostles or to leaders from the apostolic era, include the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Church of the East, the Anglican Communion, and some Lutheran Churches ( see below ).

The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aar was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851.

Its name implies associations dating back to the time of Columba and, although undocumented before the 12th century, it may have served the monks of the Columban family as an ' Iona of the east ' from early times.

Autodesk now publishes the DXF specifications on its website for versions of DXF dating from AutoCAD Release 13 to AutoCAD 2010.

Artemis ( on the left, with a deer ) and Apollo ( on the right, holding a lyre ) from Myrina, Greece | Myrina, dating to approximately 25 BC

The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate conception of addition and subtraction, the best-known being the Ishango bone from central Africa, dating from somewhere between 20, 000 and 18, 000 BC although its interpretation is disputed.

German brass making crucibles are known from Dortmund dating to the 10th century AD and from Soest and Schwerte in Westphalia dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus ' account, as they are open-topped, although ceramic discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc evaporation, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process.