The city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the 14th century when Tamurlane conducted a massacre of indigenous Assyrian Christians.

Thus far the only people who have been attested with a high level of genetic, historical, linguistic and cultural research to be the descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians are the Assyrian Christians of Iraq and its surrounding areas in north west Iran, north east Syria and south eastern Turkey.

It also remained the spoken tongue of the indigenous Assyrian / Babylonian citizens of all Mesopotamia under Persian, Greek and Roman rule, and indeed well into the Arab period it was still the language of the majority, particularly in the north of Mesopotamia, surviving to this day among the Assyrian Christians.

In late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of Akkadian ceased to be spoken, and Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, and remains the mother tongue of the Assyrian ( AKA Chaldo-Assyrian ) Christians of Iraq and its surrounds to this day.

In his recent PhD thesis and in his recent book the Israeli scholar Mordechai Zaken discussed the history of the Assyrian Christians of Turkey and Iraq ( in the Kurdish vicinity ), in a period of 180 years, from 1843 onwards.

In his research Zaken outlines three major eruptions that took place between 1843 and 1933 during which the Assyrian Christians lost their land and hegemony in their habitat in the Hakkārī ( or Julamerk ) region in southeastern Turkey and became refugees in other lands, notably Iran and Iraq, and ultimately in exiled communities in European and western countries ( the USA, Canada, Australia, New-Zealand, Sweden, France, to mention some of these countries ).

Mordechai Zaken wrote this important study from an analytical and comparative point of view, comparing the experience of the Assyrian Christians with the experience of the Kurdish Jews who had been dwelling in Kurdistan for two thousands years or so, but were forced to leave Iraq and all of them eventually migrated to Israel in the early 1950s.

Consequently, indeed there is still a small and fragile community of Assyrians in Iraq, however, millions of Assyrian Christians live today in exiled and prosperous communities in the west.

A fair number of Akkadian loan words survive in the Mesopotamian Neo Aramaic dialects spoken in and around modern Iraq by the indigenous Assyrian ( aka Chaldo-Assyrian ) Christians of the region, and the giving of Akkadian personal names, along with a number of Akkadian last names and tribal names, is still common amongst Assyrian people.

** Eastern Middle Syriac ( the literary and ecclesiastical language of Chaldean, Syro-Malabar and Assyrian Christians ),

This led later to western Christians giving the name the ' Nestorian Church ' to the Church of the East ( the modern Assyrian Church of the East ), even though it never regarded him as an authoritative teacher.

The original 16th-century manuscript was destroyed in 1915 during the Turkish massacres of Assyrian Christians.

The city of Ashur was still populated until the 14th century AD massacre of Assyrian Christians by Tamurlane.

Aramaean and Assyrian Christians remained Christian.

Malayalam Calendar or the Kolla varsham is the calendar followed by people in the South Indian state of Kerala except Malabar & founded by chera King Rajashekhara Varma with the Tarissapalli copper plates of 825 AD to Assyrian Monk Mar Abo which introduced Syrian liturgy among vaishnavite Nambuthiri Christians of chera Kingdom ( present south & central Kerala ).

Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald ordered High Commissioner Francis Humphrys to Iraq immediately upon hearing of the killing of Assyrian Christians.

The inhabitants were mostly Assyrian Syriac Orthodox, and Armenian Orthodox Christians, with some Greek Orthodox and Arab Muslims.

The Assyrian people, most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Ashuriyun, Atorayeh and Syriacs, ( see names of Syriac Christians ), are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia.

The lack of a coherent institution narrative in the Anaphora of Addai and Mari, which dates to apostolic times, has caused many Western Christians, and especially Roman Catholics, to doubt the validity of this anaphora, used extensively by the Assyrian Church of the East, as a prayer of consecration of the eucharistic elements.

It was populated by Assyrian ( Syriac ) Christians and also had a significant presence of Pontic Greeks, Baghdadi Jews and Armenians, who lived in the region from the 3rd millennium BC to the late 19th century.

* Syriac, a type of Aramaic, is used as a liturgical language by Syriac Christians who belong to the Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Maronite Church.

On the death of Ahaz, c. 715 BCE, his son Hezekiah followed a policy which Isaiah saw as dangerous, waging war on the Philistine cities and on Edom even though territory under direct Assyrian control ( i. e., the former kingdom of Israel ) now came to within a few miles of Jerusalem.

The Assyrian attacks on Israel ( the northern kingdom ) led to an influx of refugees into Judah, which would have increased social stresses, while at the same time the authorities in Jerusalem had to invest huge amounts in tribute and defense.

The first stage was the collection and arrangement of some spoken sayings of the historical Micah ( the material in chapters 1-3 ), in which the prophet attacks those who build estates through oppression and depicts the Assyrian invasion of Judah as Yahweh's punishment on the kingdom's corrupt rulers, including a prophecy that the Temple will be destroyed.

While traditionally accepted as the genuine words of Moses delivered on the eve of the occupation of Canaan, a broad consensus of modern scholars now see its origins in traditions from Israel ( the northern kingdom ) brought south to the Kingdom of Judah in the wake of the Assyrian destruction of Samaria ( 8th century BCE ) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of King Josiah ( late 7th century ), with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the Babylonian exile during the late 6th century.

( see http :// www. merriam-webster. com / dictionary / diaspora ) The wider application of diaspora evolved from the Assyrian two-way mass deportation policy of conquered populations to deny future territorial claims on their part.

Meetings between Pope John Paul II and the Assyrian Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV led to a common Christological declaration on 11 November 1994 that " the humanity to which the Blessed Virgin Mary gave birth always was that of the Son of God himself ".

The most recent study on the ante-Aesopic fables or the fables in ancient Near Eastern languages by Akimoto discovers the rich fable traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Anatolia ; for example, the Ninurta-uballitsu Assyrian fable collection which is the oldest known fable collection with the compiler's autograph and the completion date 883 BCE, the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual fable collections are embedded in a long myth and the storyteller tells after each fable his / her own moral.

" Neo-Hittite " post-Empire states, petty kingdoms under Assyrian rule, may have lingered on until ca.

Modern scripts are based on the " square " letter form, known as Ashurit ( Assyrian ), which was developed from the Aramaic script.

In early youth, Isaiah may have been moved by the invasion of Israel by the Assyrian monarch Tiglath-Pileser III (); and again, twenty years later, when he had already entered on his office, by the invasion of Tiglath-Pileser and his career of conquest.

So long as Ahaz reigned, the kingdom of Judah was unmolested by the Assyrian power ; but on his accession to the throne, Hezekiah, who was encouraged to rebel " against the king of Assyria " (), entered into an alliance with the king of Egypt ().

According to the account in Kings ( and its derivative account in Chronicles ) the judgment of God now fell on the Assyrian army and wiped out 180, 000 of its men.

Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea's cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age.

Further material was gleaned from the De honesta disciplina of 1504 by Petrus Crinitus, which included extracts from Michael Psellos's De daemonibus, and the De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum ( Concerning the mysteries of Egypt ...), a book on Chaldean and Assyrian magic by Iamblichus, a 4th century Neo-Platonist.

* The Assyrian New Year, called Rish Nissanu, occurs on the first day of April.

Nineveh (; Akkadian: Ninwe ; ; Nīnewē ; Nineuē ; ; Naynuwa ; Nainavā ) was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Occupying a central position on the great highway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the East and the West, wealth flowed into it from many sources, so that it became one of the greatest of all the region's ancient cities, and the capital of the Neo Assyrian Empire.

The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East also insist on the need to have infants baptized as soon as is practicable after birth.

As the crown prince, Sennacherib was placed in charge of the Assyrian Empire while his father, Sargon II, was on campaign.

The rebellion forces in the Babylonian cities were wiped out and a Babylonian named Bel-ibni who was raised at the Assyrian court was placed on the throne.

Representations of slingers can be found on artifacts from all over the ancient world, including Assyrian and Egyptian reliefs, the columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius, on coins and on the Bayeux Tapestry.

Assyria n attack on a town with archers and a wheeled battering ram ; Assyrian Relief, North-West Palace of Nimrud ( room B, panel 18 ) ; 865 – 860 BC.