Botulinum toxin is focal treatment meaning that a limited number of muscles can be injected at the same time.

Ricin is poisonous if inhaled, injected, or ingested, acting as a toxin by the inhibition of protein synthesis.

Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) may be injected into the lower esophageal sphincter to paralyze the muscles holding it shut.

" Executive Action " operations conducted by the CIA ranged from an attempt to kill Fidel Castro using a cigar injected with Botulism toxin to an alleged plan to kill rebel leader Che Guevara.

Kainic acid, a toxin that damages neurons, was injected into the dorsal hippocampus of all mice.

Botulinal toxin, for example, is several thousand-fold more toxic by this route than when given per os.

Another extrinsic pathway for initiation identified in several toxin studies is an increase in calcium concentration within a cell caused by drug activity, which also can cause apoptosis via a calcium binding protease calpain.

; Botulinum toxin: Botulinum toxin is one of the deadliest toxins known, and is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Some kinds of raw beans, especially red and kidney beans, contain a harmful toxin ( lectin phytohaemagglutinin ) that must be removed by cooking.

In this form, the Bt toxin occurs as an inactive protoxin, which requires digestion by an insect to be effective.

Traits that have been engineered into corn include resistance to herbicides and resistance to insect pests, the latter being achieved by incorporation of a gene that codes for the Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) toxin.

Expressing the toxin was achieved by inserting a gene from the microorganism Bacillus thuringiensis into the corn genome.

( NA Broderick and others., 2006 ) This is contrary to the common misconception that Bt toxin kills the larvae by starvation.

The cholera toxin ( CTX or CT ) is an oligomeric complex made up of six protein subunits: a single copy of the A subunit ( part A ), and five copies of the B subunit ( part B ), connected by a disulfide bond.

The gene encoding the cholera toxin is introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer.

However, there have been examples of poor manufacture ( underprocessing ) and poor hygiene allowing contamination of canned food by the obligate anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, which produces an acute toxin within the food, leading to severe illness or death.

Its toxin is denatured by cooking, though.

Cooked mushrooms, handled poorly and then canned, can support the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, which produces a toxin that is not destroyed by canning or subsequent reheating.

Their function is permanently activated by the cholera toxin, which is the cause of the fatal effects of infection with Vibrio cholerae.

Most G < sub > i </ sub > protein family members can be inhibited by the pertussis toxin of Bordetella pertussis.

This toxin works by binding to sodium channels in nerve cells, preventing the cells ' proper function.

A toxin ( from ) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms ; man-made substances created by artificial processes are thus excluded.

Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents by their method of production-the word toxin does not specify method of delivery ( compare with venom and the narrower meaning of poison – all substances that can also cause disturbances to organisms ).

* Eosinophil derived neurotoxin is a toxin found in human encoded by the RNASE2 gene.

Because of this, when encountering the word " toxin " outside of microbiological contexts, it is important to confirm what the researcher means by the use of the term.

One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus or bacterium ( such as a bacterial toxin ) and administering this by itself.

Before they do this they bathe their young with allergenic saliva that is acquired by licking patches on the insides of their elbows that produce a mild toxin that discourages most predators, though orangutans occasionally eat lorises.

Botulism ( Latin, botulus, " sausage ") ( pronounced ) also known as botulinus intoxication is a rare but sometimes fatal paralytic illness caused by botulinum toxin which is a protein produced under anaerobic conditions by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and affecting a wide range of mammals, birds and fish.

In Dune, it is established that De Vries had pioneered a type of toxin called " residual poison " which remains in the body for years and requires an antidote to be administered regularly.

Dysport, a therapeutic formulation of the type A toxin developed and manufactured in Ireland, is licensed for the treatment of focal dystonias and certain cosmetic uses in the US and worldwide in 100, 300 and 500 Units.

Lanzhou Institute ( China ) manufactures a BTX-A product, producing 50U and 100U type A toxin.

The toxin type has been designated Bf as the type B toxin was found in excess to the type F. Similarly, strains producing Ab and Af toxins have been reported.

The " gold standard " for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using Real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: Clostridium butyricum has produced type E toxin and Clostridium baratii had produced type F toxin.

The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions.

The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin, the dose, and the method and duration of exposure.

* By tissue target type susceptible to the toxin ( neurotoxins affect the nervous system, cardiotoxins affect the heart, etc.

Toxins of this type include cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, Shiga toxin and heat-liable enterotoxin from E. coli.

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes the pertussis toxin partly through the type IV system.

Injections of botulinum toxin type A ,( Botox, Dysport ) are used to block neural control of sweat glands.

Roux and Yersin establish that they are dealing with a new type of bacillus, not only able to proliferate and abundantly reproduce itself, but also capable of spreading at the same time a powerful venom and they deduce that it can play the role of antigen, that is if they can overcome the delicate moment of its injection, made especially dangerous by the toxin.

Botulinum toxin type A to paralyze the common extensor origin chronic tennis elbow that has not improved with conservative measures.