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The Bactrian king Euthydemus and his son Demetrius crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and began the conquest of the Indus valley.
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Bactrian and king
He won the Battle of the Arius and besieged the Bactrian capital, and even emulated Alexander with an expedition into India where he met with king Sophagasenus receiving war elephants:
The early Greek historian Ctesias c. 400 BC ( followed by Diodorus Siculus ) alleged that the legendary Assyrian king Ninus had defeated a Bactrian king named Oxyartes in ca.
By the time Zhang Qian visited Daxia, there was no longer a major king, and the Bactrian were suzerains to the nomadic Yuezhi, who were settled to the north of their territory beyond the Oxus ( Amu Darya ).
* Around this time, Eucratides, who is either a rebellious Bactrian official or a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, captures the throne of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by toppling the Euthydemid dynasty's king Antimachus I.
Antiochus was the first Seleucid king to use divine epithets on coins, perhaps inspired by Bactrian Hellenistic kings who had earlier done so, or else building on the ruler cult that his father Antiochus the Great had codified within the Seleucid Empire.
Justin mentions him being defeated by the Bactrian king Eucratides, an event which took place at the end of the latter's reign, possibly around 150 BC.
The early Greek historian Ctesias c. 400 BCE ( followed by Diodorus Siculus ) alleged that the legendary Assyrian king Ninus had defeated a Bactrian king named Oxyartes in ca.
By the time Zhang Qian visited Daxia, there was no longer a major king, and the Bactrian were suzerains to the nomadic Yuezhi, who were settled to the north of their territory beyond the Oxus ( Amu Darya ).
Numismatic evidence and some accounts speak of a Bactrian ruler Phrom-kesar, specifically in the Turkish dynasty in Gandhāra, which was ruled by a Turkish Phrom-kesar (" Caesar of Rome "), who was father-in-law of the king of Khotan, around the middle of the 8th. century CE.
Several Bactrian kings followed after Demetrius ' death, and it seems likely that the civil wars between them made it possible for Apollodotus I ( from c. 180 / 175 BC ) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king ( who did not rule from Bactria ).
Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I.
The important Bactrian king Eucratides seems to have attacked the Indo-Greek kingdom during the mid 2nd century BC.
For these, Apollodotus I clearly used Bactrian celators to strike an exquisite realistic portrait of the king as an aged man in the Macedonian hat called kausia, with a reverse of sitting Pallas Athene holding Nike, a common Hellenistic motif introduced by the Diadoch Lysimachus.
It is unclear whether Eucratides was a Bactrian official who raised a rebellion, or, according to some scholars, a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes who was trying to regain the Bactrian territory.
145 – 130 BCE, relative ( son or brother ) and successor of Eucratides the Great, was probably the last Greek king who reigned over the Bactrian country.
Antialcidas may have been a relative of the Bactrian king Heliocles I, but ruled after the fall of the Bactrian kingdom.
Athena was also the dynastic deity of the family of Menander, and Agathokleia's prominent position suggests that she was herself the daughter of a king, though she was probably too late to have been a daughter of the Bactrian king Agathocles.
He copies some of his imagery from the renowned Bactrian king Demetrius I ( c. 200 – 180 BCE ).
Bactrian and Euthydemus
The death of Euthydemus has been roughly estimated to 200 BCE-195 BCE, and the last years of his reign probably saw the beginning of the Bactrian invasion of South Asia.
Bactrian and Demetrius
* While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces.
He is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors, among them Apollodorus of Artemita, quoted by Strabo, who claims that the Greeks from Bactria were even greater conquerors than Alexander the Great, and that Menander was one of the two Bactrian kings, with Demetrius, who extended their power farthest into India:
The exact time and progression of the Bactrian expansion into India is difficult to ascertain, but ancient authors name Demetrius, Apollodotus, and Menander as conquerors.
After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings Pantaleon and Agathocles struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time ( c. 185 – 170 BC ) the Bactrian kingdom seems to have included Gandhara.
Demetrius II issued only silver and mostly tetradrachms, another trait which he has in common with the last Bactrian kings.
This Demetrius is said to have fought with the Bactrian king Eucratides ( c. 170 – 145 BCE ) during the latter part of Eucratides ' rule.
Bactrian and conquest
He probably conceived that his kingdom require leadership of a firm ruler who could repel either Syrian or Bactrian aggression at any time, and also trust him better than any of his sons to conduct aggressive expeditions with combined vigor and forethought if Parthia pursue the path of conquest, which it entered upon during his reign.
Bactrian and Indus
The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley ; ' Morontobara ' ( probably Manora island near Karachi harbour ), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail ; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom.
The Parni, a nomadic Central Asian tribe, invaded Parthia in the middle of the 3rd century BCE, drove away its Greek satraps — who had just then proclaimed independence from the Seleucids — and annexed much of the Indus region, thus founding an Arsacids dynasty of Scythian or Bactrian origin.
Greek became a lingua franca of the Indus valley region following the military conquests of Alexander the Great and the Bactrian Greeks.
The southern or " Red " Kidarite vassals to the Kushans in the North-Western Indus valley became known as Kermikhiones, Hara Huna or " Red Huns " from 360 AD after Kidara II led a Bactrian portion of " Hunni " to overthrow the Kushans in India.
Bactrian and valley
A small number of wild Bactrian camels still roam the Mangystau Province of southwest Kazakhstan and the Kashmir valley in Pakistan, and now run wild in Australia.
Bactrian and .
Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive.
The capital Sagala ( modern Sialkot ) prospered greatly under Menander's rule and Menander is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors.
Diodotus, governor for the Bactrian territory, asserted independence in around 245 BC, although the exact date is far from certain, to form the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
The Seleucid satrap of Parthia, named Andragoras, first claimed independence, in a parallel to the secession of his Bactrian neighbour.
These people are now known to have spoken Bactrian, an Eastern Iranian language, and Müller's identification is now a minority position among scholars.
By the fifth century BC, the Bactrian, Soghdian, and Tokharian states dominated the region.
**** Bactrian Deer ( Cervus bactrianus ; considered by some authorities a subspecies of C. elaphus )
Whereas in the past, East Iranian languages, such as Bactrian, Sogdian and Khotanese, and West Iranian languages, notably Parthian and Middle Persian were prominent.
The Greco-Bactrians used the Greek language for administrative purposes, and the local Bactrian language was also Hellenized, as suggested by its adoption of the Greek alphabet and Greek loanwords.
( Through an accident of naming, the term " Tocharian " now commonly refers to a branch of Indo-European languages spoken in the Tarim Basin between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD, and quite distinct from the Bactrian language spoken by the Tókharoi.
These conquests marked the end of the Bactrian independence.
These people, also known as Yavanas, worked in cooperation with the native Bactrian aristocracy.
The Bactrians spoke Bactrian, a northern dialect of the East Iranian language, sharing some view features to modern Pashto and close related Yidgha, Munji, and Ishkashmi, and the principal religions of the area before the coming of Islam were Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
The Bactrian people are primarily the ancestors of modern-day Tajiks as well as Pashtuns.
Linguistically, Bactrian language was closely related to modern-day Pashto and Yidgha-Munji, and to the now-extinct Middle Iranian languages of the region.
The main traders during Antiquity were the Indian and Bactrian traders, then from the 5th to the 8th century AD the Sogdian traders, then afterward the Arab and Persian traders.
* In order to secure the Bactrian King Diodotus ' friendship, Seleucus II Callinicus arranges the marriage of one of his sisters to King Diodotus.
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