During Kōkaku's reign, the Imperial Court attempted to re-assert some of its authority by proposing a relief program to the Bakufu at the time of the Great Tenmei Famine ( 1782 – 1788 ) and receiving information about negotiations with Russia over disputes in the north.

With its victory over the Tokugawa forces, the military power of the Bakufu was discredited, and traditionally rival domains decided to join forces with Chōshū in the subsequent battles which led to the Meiji Restoration and the end of the Tokugawa regime.

In the second half of the 19th century, under strong military and diplomatic pressure, and suffering from an internal crisis that led to the collapse of the Bakufu, Japan opened its ports, and subsequently the nation, to commerce with the outside world and reform that sought to respond vigorously to the challenges of modern industrial polities, as they were remarked on by Japanese observers in the United States and Europe.

Informed of the plans, the Bakufu asked for a delay in its implementation:

Hosokawa Yoriyuki, who had reinstated the Bakufu after it lost its standing in the Kōryaku Coup, died in Meiroku 3 ( 1392 ) in the Meiroku Rebellion.

The Bakufu army in 1866.

His grandfather, the retired Emperor Emperor Kameyama was said to have acted through the Bakufu to ensure Go-Nijō's enthronement.

From 1842, following an analysis of the defeat of China against Great Britain in the Opium War and the spread of Western influence in Asia, Sakuma Shozan actively proposed the introduction of Western military methods to the Bakufu and the establishment of maritime defense, through his book " Eight policies for the defense of the sea " ().

After his liberation, Sakuma Shozan continued to advocate opening Japanese ports to foreign traders, as well as reinforcing the Bakufu through collaboration with the Imperial administration ( Kōbu gattai ).

In addition to this, through pressure and in governmental institutions such as schools ( Siddle 17 ), " on every possible occasion the Bakufu persuaded the natives to follow the Japanese way ," ( Shinichiro 77 ).

French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854 – 95.

The French government took the side of the Tokugawa Bakufu and thus was not very popular in Japan after the Meiji Restoration.

The Bakufu ( Japanese central government ), led by Ogasawara Nagamichi in the absence of the Shogun who was in Kyoto, eager to avoid trouble with European powers, negotiated with France and Great Britain on July 2, 1863, on board the French warship Sémiramis, apologized and paid the indemnity to the British authorities.

Initial settlement between the Shogunate | Bakufu and European Powers, on board the French Navy warship Sémiramis, July 2nd, 1863.

French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan 1854-1894: A Case of Misjudgement and Missed Opportunities.

Constituted over a long time by house manuals on war and warriorship, it gained some official backing with the establishment of the Bakufu, which sought an ideological orthodoxy in the Neo-Confucianism of Chu Hsi tailored for military echelons that formed the basis of the new shogunal government.

Because the kanrei was the son of the shogun, ruled Kantō and controlled the military there, the area was usually called Kamakura Bakufu, or Kamakura Shogunate, and Motouji Shogun or Kamakura / Kantō Gosho, an equivalent title.

Several missions were sent abroad by the Bakufu, in order to learn about Western civilization, revise treaties, and delay the opening of cities and harbour to foreign trade.

However, when Go-Toba, a grandson of Go-Shirakawa and Chiten at the time, planned to overthrow Kamakura Bakufu and failed ( Jōkyū War ), the power of the court, particularly that of retired Emperors was markedly cut down by the shogunate.

Takauji, founder of the Ashikaga shogunate which, at least nominally, ruled Japan during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, at first established his residence at the same site in Kamakura where Yoritomo's Ōkura Bakufu had been ( see above ), but in 1336 he left Kamakura in charge of his son Yoshiakira and went west in pursuit of Nitta Yoshisada.

During the Bakufu, there were four major forms of population registration: the ninbetsuchō ( Registry of Human Categories ), the shumon aratamechō ( Religious Inquisition Registry ), the gonin gumichō ( Five Household Registry ) and the kakochō ( Death Registry ).

* The Bakufu government set a law which prohibited holding swords above a set length ( in Genna 3 ( 1617 ), Kan ' ei 3 ( 1626 ) and Shōhō 2 ( 1645 )).

From late 1867 to early 1868, his squadron including screw sloops of war, ( flag ship ), and, with warships of other western countries, anchored in Osaka Bay to increase pressure on the Japanese government ( Bakufu ) to open Hyogo Port on 1 January 1868 as committed.

Following the Namamugi Incident on September 14, 1862, Lieutenant-Colonel Neale, the British Chargé d ' Affaires, demanded from the bakufu an apology and a huge indemnity for the Namamugi outrage of £ 100, 000 ($ 440, 000 in Mexican silver dollars ), representing roughly 1 / 3 of the total revenues of the Bakufu for one year.

* In 1825, following a proposal by Takahashi Kageyasu, the Bakufu issued an " Order to Drive Away Foreign Ships " ( Ikokusen uchiharairei, also known as the " Ninen nashi ", or " No second thought " law ), ordering coastal authorities to arrest or kill foreigners coming ashore.

* Shively, Donald H. " Bakufu Versus Kabuki Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan ," in Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan ( John Whitney Hall and Marius Jansen, eds.

* August 8 – The Tokugawa shogunate ( Bakufu ) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely or trading outside of the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado.

Though Kamakura Bakufu took over the police force and ruled Eastern Japan, the authority of Emperor and retired Emperors remained.

Warrior government in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō.

As the conflict spread to northern Japan, Tōgō participated as a third-class officer aboard the Kasuga in the last battles against the remnants of the Bakufu forces, the Naval Battle of Miyako and the Naval Battle of Hakodate ( 1869 ).

Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu: the Origins of Dual Government in Japan.

Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History.

Warrior government in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō New Haven: Yale University Press.

* Mass, J. P. " The Emergence of the Kamakura Bakufu ", in Medieval Japan.

* Sato, S. " The Ashikaga Shogun and the Muromachi Bakufu Administration ", in Japan in the Muromachi Age.

" The Early Muromachi Bakufu in Kyoto ", in Medieval Japan.

The foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan, known in Japanese as oyatoi gaikokujin ( Kyūjitai:, Shinjitai:, " hired foreigners "), were those foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government for their specialized knowledge to assist in the modernization of Japan at the end of the Bakufu and during the Meiji period.

Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu: The Origins of Dual Government in Japan.

: Bakufu policy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners in An ' ei Japan ; however, an unintended and opposite consequence of sakoku was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Thunberg and Titsingh, whose writings document what each scholar learned or discovered first-hand.

: The top agent for the Bakufu ( a member of the oniwabanshū ) who was operating in the areas of northern Japan and Ezo controlled by the Matsumae clan.

Tashiro Kazui has shown that trade between Japan and these entities was divided into two kinds of trade: Group A in which he places China and the Dutch, " whose relations fell under the direct jurisdiction of the Bakufu at Nagasaki " and Group B, represented by the Korean Kingdom and the Ryūkyū Kingdom, " who dealt with Tsushima ( the Sō clan ) and Satsuma ( the Shimazu clan ) domains respectively.

* In 1842, following the news of the defeat of China in the Opium War and internal criticism following the Morrisson incident, the Bakufu responded favourably to foreign demands for the right to refuel in Japan by suspending the order to execute foreigners and adopting the " Order for the Provision of Firewood and Water " ( Shinsui kyuyorei ).