As with the Basques, many of the Catalans fought on the Carlist side, not because they supported absolute monarchy, but because they hoped that restoration of the Old Regime would mean restoration of their fueros and recovery of regional autonomy.

Politicians, including the PM José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, steered clear of the issue in order not to alienate some Basques, Catalans, or Galicians who tend to identify with their own regions rather than with the Spanish state.

The most notable collaboration, of course, being the movements for self-rule by the Catalans and Basques in Spain which found expression under the banner of the anarchist CNT during the Spanish Civil War.

The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation.

Within Spain, there are various regional populations including the Castilians, the Catalans, Valencians and Balearics ( who speak Catalan, a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain ), the Basques ( who live in the Basque country and speak Basque, a non-Indo-European language ), and the Galicians ( who speak Galician, a descendant of old Galician-Portuguese ).

The individual nationalities or peoples of these lands are the Asturians, Leonese, Galicians, Basques, Cantabrians, Castilians, Aragonese, Catalans, and Andalusians, individuals from which groups may or may not consider them " nations " apart depending on political outlook.

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba.

The term can be applied to the Francization of the German-speaking inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine after this region was reannexed by France following the First World War, to the Flemings in French Flanders, to the Occitans in Occitania, as well as to Basques, Bretons, Catalans, Corsicans and Niçards.

Even at that time large sections of it were Lusitania ( Portugal south of Douro river and Extremadura in western Spain ), Gallaecia ( Northern Portugal and Galicia in Spain ), Celtiberia ( central Spain ), Baetica ( Andalusia ), Cantabria ( northwest Spain ) and the Vascones ( Basques ).

* ETA – Basque Fatherland and Liberty, a left-wing Basque separatist group fighting for the independence of the Basques from Spain with ties to the Provisional Irish Republican Army also received training support from Libya in the 1960s and mid -' 70s.

* The Basque Country ( greater region ), the homeland of the Basques with parts in Spain and France

Some substantial immigration from Europe ( a good number were Basques and Andalusians from Spain, with Croats, Greeks, Italians, and of Occitan-French and Galician / Portuguese descent ), the Middle East ( esp.

Example cultures or societies include the Cherokee, Choctaw, Gitksan, Haida, Hopi, Iroquois, Lenape, Navajo, and Tlingit of North America ; the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ; the Nairs of Kerala and the Bunts of Karnataka in south India ; the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo of Meghalaya in northeast India ; the Mosuo of China ; the Basques of Spain and France ; the Akan including the Ashanti of west Africa ; the Tuaregs of west and north Africa ; and the Serer of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania.

Arvin's large Hispanic ( mostly Mexican ) cultural identity is well expressed in store front signs often in Spanish, shops and stores like carnicerias or meat markets, and the residents expressed a strong emotional pull to Mexico, some to Central and South America, and descendants of Basques arrived from Spain as shepherds and vineyard workers also made Arvin their home.

The Fueros gave Basque subjects a separate position in Spain with special tax and political status ; basically, Basques were not subject to direct levee to the Castilian army, although many volunteered, especially in the Spanish navy, which was led, among others, by Basque sailors like Juan Sebastián Elcano.

When Spain re-emerged as a democracy in 1978, autonomy was restored to the Basques, who achieved a degree of self-government without precedent in modern Basque history.

Thus, based on the fueros and their Statute of Autonomy, Basques have their own police body and manage their own public finances with virtually no intervention from the central government of Spain.

* March 22 – Spanish Nationalist leader Francisco Franco orders his National Aviation ( Aviación Nacional ) force to begin a bombing campaign against the Basques in northern Spain.

* March 31 – A Spanish Nationalist ground offensive begins against the Basques, supported by 80 German aircraft based at Vitoria-Gasteiz and 70 Spanish Nationalist and Italian aircraft based elsewhere in northern Spain.

The colors adopted for folk costumes varied by region, red in Gipuzkoa, white in Álava, blue in Biscay, but eventually the Basques settled on blue berets and the people of Navarre adopted red berets while the black beret became the common headgear of workers in France and Spain.

There are also Basques from northern Spain or southwest France contributed to the region's development ; and some Argentines from across the Andes.

Port aux Basques refers to the harbour that was a favoured sheltering and watering place for Basque whalers who hailed from the Basque region of the Pyrenees of France and Spain during the early 16th century.

According to the survey, a significant number of Basques support independence of their region from Spain, but rather few support the violence of groups such as ETA:

The claim to universal hidalguía ( lowest nobility ) of the Basques was justified by intellectuals like Manuel de Larramendi ( 1690 – 1766 ) because the Moorish conquest of Iberia had not reached the Basque territories, so it was believed that Basques had maintained their original purity, while the rest of Spain was suspect of miscegenation.

People of Basque descent make up 10 % of Argentina's population, and it was the main destination for Basques emigrating from both Spain and France in the 19th and 20th centuries.

After failing in the capture of Madrid, the Nationalist army is concentrating in a campaign against the Basques.

; August 27: The troops at Santoña are captured by Franco's troops, while embarking to the British ships, Nationalist battle cruisers enter the port and force the Basques to disembark.

Though Fell was an accomplished marine biologist at Harvard University, he is best known for three books which claim that many centuries before Christopher Columbus reached America, Celts, Basques, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and others were visiting North America.

The young nationalists believed desirable to organise the young Basques, who in the absence of Public University in Euzkadi, should move to pursue higher studies.

Basque immigration was restored by Nevada Senator McCarran's 1952 immigration act, which allowed a quota of 500 Basques ( technically ' Spanish Sheep Herders ').

Marine Atlantic itself made many changes a decade later in 1997, virtually decimating the remnants of CN Marine by removing itself from all routes and vessels except the constitutionally mandated service to Port aux Basques and the seasonal service to Argentia, both originating in North Sydney.

Its name was changed in 1997 to " Kamouraska — Rivière-du-Loup — Temiscouata — Les Basques ".

Crête was first elected in 1993 representing Kamouraska — Rivière-du-Loup in the 1993 Canadian general election, then re-elected in 1997 representing Kamouraska — Rivière-du-Loup — Témiscouata — Les Basques defeating former Quebec MNA France Dionne in a hotly contested five way race.

It is spoken by 27 % of Basques in all territories ( 714, 136 out of 2, 648, 998 ).

The exhibits on show illustrate what Guernica has represented throughout its history for the Basques ( democracy, local legal system, freedom ) and what it stands for today all over the world ( human rights, peace ).

Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under Waifer ( capitulated c. 768 ) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the disastrous Battle of Roncesvalles ( 778 ).

Basques from the Val d ' Aran cited circa 1000 ), but a receding Basque language ( Basque banned in the marketplace of Huesca, 1349 ).

* Canon 27 stressed the duty of princes to repress heresy and condemned " the Brabantians, Aragonese, Basques, Navarrese, and others who practice such cruelty toward Christians that they respect neither churches nor monasteries, spare neither widows nor orphans, neither age nor sex, but after the manner of pagans, destroy and lay waste everything " ( De Brabantionibus et Aragonensibus, Navariis, Bascolis, Coterellis et Triaverdinis, qui tantam in Christianos immanitatem exercent, ut nec ecclesiis, nec monasteriis deferant, non viduis, et pupillis, non senibus, et pueris, nec cuilibet parcant aetati, aut sexui, sed more paganorum omnia perdant, et vastent ).

The use of Basque language ( Euskera ) terminology in the present territory of Colombia goes back to the early exploration occurred in 1499, during the third voyage of Columbus, it is said that from that time the territory experienced a strong presence of Basques including prominent figures such as the pilot and geographer Juan de la Cosa, nicknamed " El Vizcaino " ( although some sources claim that reputable and solvent was not a native of the Basque Country, but was born in Santona, Cantabria ).

In the Pyrenees, the Basques defeated his forces in Roncesvalles ( August 15, 778 ).

During their reigns, Theudebert and Theuderic campaigned successfully in Gascony, where they had established the Duchy of Vasconia and brought the Basques to submission ( 602 ).

Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again ( 632 ).

Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal ( pronounced in Basque ).

Toulouse was now under the grip of the new Carolingian king Charlemagne and access to Andalusian Hispania was open for him, despite sporadic rebellions in Vasconia during the next two decades ( Basques subdued in 790 by Charlemagne ´ s new loyal strongman in Toulouse William of Gellone ).

In the last days of the Western Roman Empire, the Basques are supposed to have played a prominent role in the Bagaudae ( peasant revolts resisting the dawn of feudalism ).

The Basques successfully maintained their independence from the Germanic tribes such as the Goths, forming the Duchy of Vasconia ( centered in present-day Gascony and dynastically connected to the Duchy of Aquitaine ).