The 1886 Berne Convention first established recognition of copyrights among sovereign nations, rather than merely bilaterally.

Under the Berne Convention, copyrights for creative works do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation: an author need not " register " or " apply for " a copyright in countries adhering to the Berne Convention.

The UK signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.

The United States did not sign the Berne Convention until 1989.

The Universal Copyright Convention was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the Soviet Union and developing nations.

The regulations of the Berne Convention are incorporated into the World Trade Organization's TRIPS agreement ( 1995 ), thus giving the Berne Convention effectively near-global application.

Copyright laws are standardized somewhat through international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention.

In all countries where the Berne Convention standards apply, copyright is automatic, and need not be obtained through official registration with any government office.

In 1989 the United States enacted the Berne Convention Implementation Act, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention.

As a result, the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright, because the Berne Convention makes copyright automatic.

For a work to be considered pirated, its illegitimate use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws and / or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the Berne Convention or WIPO Copyright Treaty.

* Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886

When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention ( 1883 ) and the Berne Convention ( 1886 ) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

The Berne Convention states also became party to the UCC, so that their copyrights would exist in non-Berne convention states.

So the UCC included a clause stating that parties which were also Berne Convention parties need not apply the provisions of the Convention to any former Berne Convention state which renounced the Berne Convention after 1951.

The city of Berne provides water from its own wells, and also has its own water treatment facilities.

* John Warren Butterfield ( see also John Warren Butterfield ) ( Nov. 18, 1801-Nov. 14, 1869 ), born in Berne, went on to found the Butterfield Overland Mail, the stage that was an early operation of American Express and Wells Fargo.

For example, in copyright, it was common to comply with the terms of the Buenos Aires Convention treaty by including a statement of rights such as all rights reserved, however, once every country that was a signatory to the Buenos Aires Convention also became a signatory to the Berne Convention treaty ( because Berne does not require any form of notice ), the use of the term " all rights reserved " has been essentially deprecated, as it no longer serves any purpose and grants no additional right or protection not already available if the statement were never used.

* The Golden Bull of Berne, supposedly also issued by Frederick II in 1218, but now considered a forgery.

The definition of " publication " as " distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author " is also supported by the Berne Convention, which makes mention of " copies " in article 3 ( 3 ), where " published works " are defined.

The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, also known as the Bern Convention ( or Berne Convention ), is a binding international legal instrument in the field of Nature Conservation, it covers the natural heritage in Europe, as well as in some African countries.

He won acclaim for his erudite République de Berne et la France pendant les guerres de religion, which was published in 1891 and also widespread recognition for Histoire de la Suisse racontée au peuple ( A People's History of Switzerland ), which was published in 1900.

The Berne Convention also enshrined limitations and exceptions to copyright, enabling the reproduction of literary and artistic works without the copyright owners prior permission.

The summit lies on the border between the canton of Valais and Berne, which is also the watershed between the Rhone ( Mediterranean Sea ) and Rhine ( North Sea ) rivers.

He scored his first goal for Brazil from the penalty spot in a 4 – 2 defeat against Hungary ( also known as the " Battle of Berne ").

The requirement to add this notice became obsolete and essentially deprecated on August 23, 2000 when Nicaragua became the final member of the Buenos Aires Convention to also become a signatory to the Berne Convention.

As of that date, every country that was a member of the Buenos Aires Convention ( which is the only copyright treaty requiring this notice to be used ) was also a member of Berne, which requires protection be granted without any formality of notice of copyright.

The Battle of New Bern ( also known as the Battle of New Berne ) was fought on 14 March 1862, near the city of New Bern, North Carolina, as part of the Burnside Expedition of the American Civil War.

In 1833 he moved this to Willisau, and from 1835 to 1836, he headed the orphanage in Burgdorf ( Berne ), where he also published the magazine Grundzüge der Menschenerziehung (“ Features of Human Education ”).

During this same period, Mary and Parrish also co-wrote ( alternating chapters ) a light romance entitled Touch and Go under the pseudonym Victoria Berne.

As of 2000-08-23, all parties to the Buenos Aires Convention are also parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, which provides for mutual recognition of copyright without any formalities whatsoever ( Art.

The cities of Berne and Zürich had also become reichsfrei when the dynasty of their patrons, the Zähringer, had died out.

To implement the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention, as well as bilateral copyright treaties signed between the PRC and other foreign countries, the PRC government passed the Regulations on Implementation of International Copyright Treaties ( 1992 ).

He entered the foreign office in 1841, was British envoy at Dresden and Berne, and from 1883 to 1888 represented his country in Rome.

This position made her a very prominent figure within the left-wing movements and led to a great deal of foreign travel, including to Berne and Vienna ( to try to re-establish the Socialist International ), Palestine, Georgia and twice to the United States.

It provides authors of works with control over their rental and distribution in Articles 6 to 8 which they may not have under the Berne Convention alone.

The Berne Convention focuses on authors as the key figure in copyright law and the stated purpose of the convention is " the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works " ( Article 1 ), rather than the protection of publishers and other actors in the process of disseminating works to the public.

"... provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law.

Finally, the Berne Convention of 1886 conferred copyright upon authors in its fullest form over the greater part of the developed world.

Members to the Berne Convention may also determine or impose such conditions where the restriction of an exclusive right to the mere right to remuneration is allowed, for example the right to reproduction ( Article 9 ( 2 )), and in the case of " residual rights ", that is, a right to remuneration, usually for authors or performers, that survives the transfer of certain exclusive rights.

According to the Berne Commentary on Lucan, human victims were sacrificed to Esus by being tied to a tree and flailed.

* Jeff " The Drunk " Curro ( May 13, 1967 – Present ), a resident of Berne, Curro is known for being a loud drunk on the Howard Stern Show.

Other watt balance experiments are being undertaken in the US National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ), the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology ( METAS ) in Berne, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) near Paris and Laboratoire national de métrologie et d ’ essais ( LNE ) in Trappes, France.

SIX Swiss Exchange ( formerly SWX Swiss Exchange ), based in Zurich, is Switzerland's principal stock exchange ( the other being Berne eXchange ).

He is best known for being a founding member of the jazz groups The Bad Plus ( with Reid Anderson and Ethan Iverson ) and Happy Apple ( with Michael Lewis and Erik Fratzke ) although he is active in many other projects including free jazz collective Buffalo Collision with NYC " Downtown " legends Tim Berne and Hank Roberts and the electronic art / pop group Halloween Alaska as well as the noise / prog band The Gang Font with former Husker Du bassist Greg Norton.